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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

SSR marker development for analysis of the genetic diversity and identification of species and infraspecific ranks in the genus Phyllostachys.

Bamboo plants possess important ecological, economic, and cultural values. However, it is difficult to accurately identify them on the basis of their morphological traits alone. Here, based on the whole-genome data of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and its 20 forms, we conducted preliminary identification and comparative analyses of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to develop molecular markers. In total, 3,835,632 SSR loci were identified from 31,537.81 Mb of genomic sequences, among which dinucleotide SSRs were the most abundant. Most SSRs were located in intergenic regions, whereas relatively fewer were in genic regions. In addition, we found that SSR-containing genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction may be associated with the morphogenesis of moso bamboo, which was speculated to be related to differential gene expression patterns among different forms. Furthermore, 206 SSR primer pairs with polymorphisms were obtained to analyse the genetic diversity of moso bamboo and its forms, which exhibited moderate polymorphism. The proportion of genetic variation among species within the genus Phyllostachys was 58%, while that within species was 42%. Moso bamboo and its 20 forms had relatively close genetic relationships and low genetic differentiation, while 20 species of the genus Phyllostachys were clustered into three groups with distinct levels of genetic diversity. Finally, DNA fingerprints and molecular identity cards were constructed for 20 moso bamboo forms and 20 species of the genus Phyllostachys using core SSR markers. These results provide novel SSR markers for bamboo identification, germplasm conservation, and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Microsatellite Repeats↗
PubMed2026

The impact of Triticum aestivum L. cultivation management on genomic polymorphism of Harpalus rufipes and Silpha obscura assessed by RAPD markers.

Beetle genetics is becoming increasingly important in research on agricultural ecosystems, not only from a basic biological perspective but also for practical applications in pest management, biodiversity, and agroecosystem sustainability. Our study analyzed the genetic variability of beetle populations (Harpalus rufipes and Silpha obscura) under two types of agricultural management systems-organic and conventional-using RAPD markers. Out of six tested markers (OPB 5, OPB 8, OPB 11, OPB 12, OPB 14, and OPB 18), three markers (OPB 11, OPB 14, and OPB 18) demonstrated clear genetic differentiation between beetle samples collected from organically and conventionally cultivated wheat. The results of DNA fingerprinting and t-SNE analysis confirmed the formation of two genetic clusters corresponding to the management type. Jaccard similarity coefficient values indicated moderate to strong genetic similarity within individual management systems, while similarity between systems was weaker. These findings suggest that agronomic practices influence the genetic structure of beetle populations, likely due to ecological and anthropogenic factors such as pesticide use and landscape modification. The study emphasizes the importance of molecular markers in assessing population-level responses to agroecosystem management and their contribution to sustainable agriculture.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Description and genomic characterization of Aquipuribacter aurantiacus sp. nov., isolated from saline lake sediment.

Strains MA13-6T and MA13-13, two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, short rod-shaped actinobacteria, were isolated from a saline lake in Ngari Prefecture, Xizang Autonomous Region, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these two strains belonged to the genus Aquipuribacter, with the closest relationship to Aquipuribacter hungaricus IV-75T (98.47% sequence similarity) and Aquipuribacter nitratireducens AMV4T (97.36% sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis based on genomes further confirmed their classification as a distinct cluster within the genus Aquipuribacter. The average nucleotide identity and digtal DNA-DNA hybridization values between these two strains and their closest relative Aquipuribacter hungaricus IV-75T, were 82.44-82.49% and 23.00%, respectively, clearly indicating that strains MA13-6T and MA13-13 represent a novel species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between these two strains were 99.79%, 99.97% and 99.40%, respectively, unequivocally confirming their classification within the same species. However, DNA fingerprinting analysis distinguished them as non-clonal variants. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids, and two unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-10 (H4). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, C18:1ω9c, isoC16:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The cell wall diagnostic diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Based on phylogenetic analyses combined with phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization, strains MA13-6T and MA13-13 represent a novel species of the genus Aquipuribacter, for which the name Aquipuribacter aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA13-6T (=MCCC 1K10045T = KCTC 59572T).

Phylogeny↗
PubMed1978

Complex and simple sequences in human repeated DNAs.

Highly repeated human DNA sequences were isolated by isopycnic centrifugation, or were eluted from gels after restriction enzyme cleavage. High molecular weight DNA peaks separable from the bulk of the DNA in a variety of gradients were shown to consist of very simple sequences characteristic of simple satellite DNAs; DNA fingerprint studies indicated each of these peaks could consist of tandem repeats of a specific oligonucleotide sequence as low as 10 base pairs (bp) long. All the gradient peaks could be assigned to one of two sequence groups and several "different" buoyant density peaks revealed the same sequence.--Restriction fragment multimers did not share common sequences with the satellite DNAs as judged by hybridization data. They could not be separated by isopycnic centrifugation. Furthermore these highly repeated DNAs were more complex in sequence and more variable than the satellites. Even the smallest (50 bp) fragments by depurination and other direct sequencing methods were shown to be more complex than the high molecular weight satellite peaks.--The idea that subsets of repeated DNAs may be defined by sequence complexity, possibly with discrete or separable functions, is proposed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

The Burkholderia cepacia epidemic strain marker is part of a novel genomic island encoding both virulence and metabolism-associated genes in Burkholderia cenocepacia.

The Burkholderia cepacia epidemic strain marker (BCESM) is a useful epidemiological marker for virulent B. cenocepacia strains that infect patients with cystic fibrosis. However, there was no evidence that the original marker, identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting, contributed to pathogenicity. Here we demonstrate that the BCESM is part of a novel genomic island encoding genes linked to both virulence and metabolism. The BCESM was present on a 31.7-kb low-GC-content island that encoded 35 predicted coding sequences (CDSs): an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) synthase gene (cciI) and corresponding transcriptional regulator (cciR), representing the first time cell signaling genes have been found on a genomic island; fatty acid biosynthesis genes; an IS66 family transposase; transcriptional regulator CDSs; amino acid metabolism genes; and a group of hypothetical genes. Mutagenesis of the AHL synthase, amidase (amiI), and porin (opcI) genes on the island was carried out. Testing of the isogenic mutants in a rat model of chronic lung infection demonstrated that the amidase played a role in persistence, while the AHL synthase and porin were both involved in virulence. The island, designated the B. cenocepacia island (cci), is the first genomic island to be defined in the B. cepacia complex and its discovery validates the original epidemiological correlation of the BCESM with virulent CF strains. The features of the cci, which overlap both pathogenicity and metabolism, expand the concept of bacterial pathogenicity islands and illustrate the diversity of accessory functions that can be acquired by lateral gene transfer in bacteria.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2026

The prevalence and persistence of DNA in vehicles from incidental drivers and other occupants, and their associates, including after reuse by regular drivers.

It is common knowledge that when driving a vehicle, people leave traces of DNA behind. However, in the context of vehicle crimes, it is helpful for the police and investigative personnel to know the vehicle locations in which a perpetrator most likely left DNA during the incident. By specifying the most informative locations to sample for incidental driver DNA, time and resources can be saved in criminal investigations. This study extends previous knowledge by focusing on the prevalence and persistence of incidental driver DNA in vehicles. Furthermore, the current study investigates the prevalence of DNA on vehicle locations from the regular driver and the close associates of the regular driver and incidental driver. The same experiment was conducted by two laboratories, allowing for inter-laboratory comparisons. The results confirm that DNA from the last driver of the vehicle is most likely recovered from high contact areas for operation of the vehicle like the steering wheel and gear shift. Most sampled sites within the vehicle contain DNA from the regular driver of that vehicle. DNA from an incidental driver is most likely to persist, even after resumed use of the vehicle by the regular driver, on locations with a higher retention capacity for biological materials like the car seats and seat belts. Overall, this paper highlights the patterns of DNA transfer, persistence and recovery that occur depending on an individual's relationship to a vehicle. This information can be used by crime scene investigators for targeting the most relevant sampling locations given different scenarios of vehicle use.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A rare and atypical case of long-distance indirect DNA transfer: Contamination from an investigator never present at the scene.

To maximize the usefulness of DNA obtained from biological samples in forensic genetics, it is crucial to avoid DNA contamination throughout all procedures, from sample collection at crime scenes to STR profile generation in DNA laboratories. This study reports a rare and atypical case of DNA contamination in a forensic setting. During the analysis of biological evidence from a cold case preserved for 18 years, the STR profile obtained from the surface of a plastic bag matched that of an investigator, identified through the DNA elimination database. Case reconstruction confirmed that the investigator-who was located 80 km from the DNA laboratory and had never entered the crime scene or the sample storage room-was not a suspect and that the obtained STR profile originated from contamination. The most plausible explanation for the contamination was indirect transfer: investigator's DNA had adhered to a colleague's clothing and was subsequently dislodged and deposited onto the surface of the plastic bag as the colleague approached the sample pretreatment area. This study integrates trace DNA profiling of challenged samples with rapid contamination investigation and proposes prevention and control measures. This case underscores that, although DNA is widely regarded as the "gold standard" in forensic genetics, its interpretation must be considered within the context of the entire case. Conclusions should not be drawn based solely on a single DNA result.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Quo vadis, BGA? A collaborative EDNAP exercise on the challenges and progress in forensic biogeographical ancestry inference.

There is a broad consensus that forensic tests for the prediction of externally visible characteristics (EVC) and analysis of biogeographic ancestry (BGA) of an individual are technically reliable. However, interpretation of the results and population-specific genotype distribution patterns remains challenging. EVC and BGA analyses provide valuable information for population genetics studies and as investigative leads for criminal cases, as well as for historical and contemporary identification tests. However, inaccurate or incorrect predictions, for example, from subjective bias in the interpretations made, have the potential to misdirect police investigations. The legal situation regarding EVC and BGA testing varies by country: ranging from countries where it is explicitly prohibited, to those without specific regulations on biogeographic ancestry prediction, and others that have already enacted laws governing its use. The reluctance to utilize these analyses is not only due to legal restrictions and data protection concerns, but also to initial limited sets of sufficiently comprehensive forensic DNA assays. Forensic BGA marker panels typically contain up to ∼300 SNPs. This relatively small number of genetic markers, along with limited reference population data, complicates the interpretation of results from donors of unknown origin. This paper presents the results of a collaborative EDNAP study, which, for the first time, evaluated the approach to reporting EVC and BGA data between international laboratories. For the study, DNA from nine individuals with self-reported ancestry was collected and analysed using various forensic panels differing in the number and composition of ancestry-informative markers genotyped, comprising: the Precision ID mtDNA Whole Genome Panel, the VISAGE Basic Tool and the VISAGE Enhanced Tool for Appearance and Ancestry Prediction, and the Ion AmpliSeq™ PhenoTrivium Panel. To ensure full data protection, all SNP genotypes and uniparental marker haplotypes obtained were not shared with third parties. Instead, the genetic data were analysed using a range of commonly used population analysis software packages. These analysis outcomes were then distributed to twelve European forensic laboratories (both academic and law enforcement institutions), who were asked to prepare reports based on their interpretation of the phenotypes and ancestry they inferred from the analysis data. A questionnaire sent alongside the genetic information, aimed to evaluate which difficulties were encountered by the participants in processing the BGA analysis data they were given.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Evaluation of bone preparation approaches using length-based analysis and targeted sequencing for forensic human identification of historic skeletal remains.

Advances in DNA technology have significantly enhanced the forensic community's ability to develop genetic profiles from unidentified human skeletal remains. However, sampling requires mechanical grinding of hard tissues before DNA isolation. This processing can compromise genetic profiles, particularly in aged bones. We compared the industry-standard pulverization method with an alternative powder-free preparation involving prolonged demineralization and subsequent slicing of 19th-century cortical bone. Data from DNA quantification, STR genotyping, and targeted SNP sequencing were used to evaluate powdered samples versus demineralized slices from paired human bones. Average human DNA yields for pulverized samples and demineralized slices were 0.032&#x2009;ng and 0.692&#x2009;ng, respectively. Demineralized slices recovered more amplifiable DNA than traditional homogenization methods (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). No pulverized samples produced STR profiles, whereas demineralized slices from the same bone samples yielded partial profiles. Samples underwent DNA repair, library preparation, and hybridization capture using the FORensic Capture Enrichment (FORCE) panel. Applying low-coverage (1X) analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data, demineralized slices outperformed those prepared by traditional pulverization methods (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) and substantially increased the information recovered compared with conventional STR analysis methods. Based on HTS data from pulverized samples, DNA fragment length ranged from 27 to 95&#x2009;bp, and FORCE SNP recovery was 33.23%. In contrast, for demineralized slices, DNA fragment length ranged from 85 to 114&#x2009;bp, and FORCE SNP recovery was 83.24%. The required reagents and equipment are typically available in forensic labs, and the workflow outlined herein significantly increases the success of DNA recovery from challenging skeletal samples.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Fingerprinting bacterial chromosomal DNA with restriction endonuclease EcoRI: comparison of Rhizobium spp. and identification of mutants.

Total cellular DNA from Rhizobium trifolii, R. melitoti, and R. japonicum strains 110 and 117 were prepared. DNA fragments generated with restriction endonuclease EcoRI from these DNA samples were compared in agarose gels after electrophoresis. DNA cleavage patterns generated from R. japonicum strain 110, R. trifolii, and R. meliloti were clearly distinguishable from each other. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of DNA from R. japonicum strain 110 and presumptive R. trifolii mutant strains that nodulate soybean were found to be similar. Rhizobium trifolii mutant strains were also lysed by a phage specific for R. japonicum strain 110. These results show that "R. trifolii mutant strains" are indeed derivatives of R. japonicum strain 110 and not R. trifolii.

Chromosomes, Bacterial↗
PubMed2026

Genetic Identification of Burned Human Remains: A Systematic Review.

Background/Objectives: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains represents a major challenge in forensic science, particularly in cases involving burned, fragmented, or commingled bodies. Advances in forensic genetics have expanded the analytical capabilities for such samples; however, the effectiveness of different approaches and their integration within Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) workflows remain heterogeneous. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate current evidence on DNA-based identification of degraded remains, focusing on methodological strategies, emerging genomic technologies, and DVI applications, while integrating laboratory evidence and operational forensic practice into a structured analytical framework. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to 5 June 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included original research addressing DNA analysis of degraded, thermally altered, or highly compromised human remains in forensic or DVI contexts. After a multistep screening process involving title/abstract and full-text evaluation, 37 studies were included. Data were extracted and organized into three thematic categories: (i) core DNA analysis, (ii) advanced molecular technologies, and (iii) DVI case applications. Results: The findings demonstrate that DNA recovery from degraded remains is influenced by thermal exposure, tissue type, and sampling strategy. Teeth and dense cortical bone consistently provide higher DNA yield. While autosomal STR profiling remains the primary analytical approach, its limitations in highly degraded samples are mitigated through the complementary use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs), and SNP markers, together with advanced sequencing technologies such as massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Emerging technologies, including rapid DNA systems and predictive models based on macroscopic indicators, significantly enhance efficiency and success rates. DVI studies report identification rates exceeding 90-95% when multidisciplinary and structured workflows are applied. The evidence further supports a flexible triage-based analytical strategy, in which marker selection is guided by tissue preservation and degradation level. Conclusions: DNA-based identification of degraded human remains has evolved into an adaptive, multi-level forensic process. Successful outcomes rely on the integration of optimized sampling, hierarchical genetic analysis, and coordinated DVI strategies. The findings support a triage-based framework that links tissue selection, degradation assessment, and analytical methodology to maximize identification success. Future developments should focus on predictive models, advanced genomic tools, and standardized workflows to further improve identification in challenging forensic scenarios.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A novel relationship between time offsets in capillary electrophoresis and DNA sequence variations in short tandem repeats.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides increased discriminatory power in forensic DNA analysis due to the detection of isoalleles. Differences in sequences between alleles allow for a second layer of differentiation between DNA contributors beyond the number of short tandem repeat (STR) repeat units. However, because NGS is a more time and resource-intensive analysis than conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE), laboratories may benefit from indicators that suggest NGS is likely to provide added value. This study examined whether CE migration offsets, measured as residuals in the OSIRIS analysis software, can differ significantly among STR isoalleles. Residuals represent the time offset between a sample allele peak and its corresponding allelic ladder peak. Paired CE and NGS data from 95 single source samples were analyzed for CE-based residual differences, as the NGS data provided the sequence information of the corresponding isoalleles. Residual values differed significantly among isoalleles at several STR loci. Statistically significant differences were identified at D16S539 and D3S1358, as well as at specific allele lengths within D12S391, D13S317, and D8S1179. These findings demonstrate that CE residual variation can reflect underlying STR sequence differences between contributors. In practice, residual-based metrics could help laboratories to identify casework reference samples where NGS is likely to provide additional discrimination, without the need for processing outside of a routine CE workflow. Due to the potentially large number of isoalleles, community wide efforts to aggregate CE residual differences versus isoallele sequences may be useful in the validation and implementation of this approach to add value to forensic DNA analyses.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2026

Wildlife forensic DNA evidence links a suspected vehicle to a fatal lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) collision in Misiones, Argentina.

Vehicle collisions are recognized as a major driver of biodiversity loss, particularly in road-dense landscapes, exceeding the impact of invasive species and wildlife trafficking. For large-bodied, slow-reproducing, and low-abundance species, such as the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), this threat can have major impacts. Here, we present a wildlife forensic investigation in Misiones, Argentina, involving a tapir, a species afforded the highest level of legal protection as a Provincial Natural Monument. The fatal hit-by-vehicle (HBV) incident occurred in northern Misiones on 31 March 2019 along Provincial Route 19, in a portion that bisects Parque Provincial Urugua-&#xed;, with the driver involved in the collision leaving the scene. The suspect was later located and claimed that the damage to the vehicle resulted from a collision with a horse (Equus caballus) rather than a tapir. To legally resolve the incident, DNA (hair and blood) recovered from the suspected vehicle's bumper (evidence) was compared with tissue samples from the tapir carcass (reference). Genetic confirmation of species identity used a 110-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and individual identity was assessed using 12 species-specific microsatellite loci. These analyses confirmed that all evidence matched the tapir carcass at both species and individual levels, strongly supporting the association between the suspected vehicle and the HBV tapir, and refuting the alternative explanation proposed by the driver. This case demonstrates the value of using wildlife forensic genetics to reconstruct wildlife-vehicle collisions, supporting environmental law enforcement, and strengthening conservation efforts in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Forensic applicability of genetic profile generation from hair roots and shafts: Integration of retrotransposon polymorphisms and morphological predictors.

Genetic profiles were successfully obtained from hair samples both directly plucked from the scalp and indirectly from personal items such as combs and hairbrushes. Additionally, 100 genetic profiles were generated from buccal swabs from all donors, allowing the calculation of population allele and genotype frequencies. Complete genetic profiles were recovered from samples containing less than 0.012&#x202f;ng of total nuclear DNA. Nuclear DNA yield per hair root was highly variable, whereas hair shafts yielded up to 2&#x202f;ng of total nuDNA and in some cases less than 0.1&#x202f;ng. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) revealed that hair growth phase and the presence of a root were not significantly associated with successful profile recovery; instead, greater hair thickness and direct sampling correlated with higher success rates. In certain cases, the Insertion/Null (INNUL) markers system, InnoTyper 21, outperformed the Power Plex Fusion 6&#x202f;C STR kit. For forensic purposes, using the entire hair shaft provided better profiling outcomes than using the root alone. All Insertion/Null (INNUL) markers were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for a few loci showing minor linkage disequilibrium. These results highlight the analytical potential of INNUL markers for obtaining nuclear DNA profiles from hair, even in challenging forensic contexts.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Hyperpolarized NMR Reveals Low-Populated Folding Intermediates in DNA.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the only biophysical technique capable of characterizing nucleic acid structures at atomic resolution under near-physiological liquid-state conditions. Still, it is fundamentally limited by intrinsically low sensitivity, particularly when analyzing high-molecular-weight, low-abundance, or polymorphic targets, such as DNAs (DNA). In this study, we demonstrate that hyperpolarized aqueous buffers generated via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) significantly enhance the 1H NMR signals of multiple DNA motifs. The resonances of labile imino and amino protons of DNAs dissolved in hyperpolarized buffers are enhanced up to &#x223c;200-fold and &#x223c;370-fold, respectively. These intense signals serve a 2-fold purpose: (i) as structural fingerprints of DNA folding topologies and (ii) they enable the direct observation of low-populated folding intermediates in DNA polymorphs, such as G-quadruplexes (G4) and i-motifs (iM), which remain undetectable by standard methods. Thus, our findings establish hyperpolarized NMR as a high-sensitivity method for probing DNA structures and folding intermediates across a wide range of motifs, opening possible avenues in liquid biopsy applications and cell-free DNA.

DNA↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of STK Spray&#xae; for semen stain localization on solid surfaces: A specificity and sensitivity study.

Semen identification is a crucial step in sexual assault cases. The aim of this study was to assess STK Spray&#xae;, a presumptive test for semen, under controlled conditions including, simulated crime scene stains detection. Easy to use, it can be sprayed directly onto different surfaces and visualized under UV light. Several tests were performed on five different substrates (ceramic tile, drywall, metal, wood, and faux leather). The spray was able to enhance semen fluorescence, especially in diluted samples, with characteristic "globular" spots. Although it showed good specificity, false positives could be obtained with 10% bleach. The fluorescence signals were quantified using ImageJ&#x2122; and showed a statistically significant substrate-dependent variability. Mixture analysis indicated that saliva did not interfere with detection of semen, while urine partially suppressed the signal and blood markedly affected its interpretation. Simulation tests with UV lamp comparisons confirmed the importance of choosing the right detection method and the utility of this presumptive test in combination with additional immunochromatographic tests. A preliminary signal retention test showed stable fluorescence for up to two years when stains were stored appropriately. Finally, complete DNA profiles (100% of alleles) were obtained from all samples (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;24) after exposure to the reagent and UV light. Because of its ability to enhance semen signal, especially on specific surfaces, and its rapidity of use and detection, STK Spray&#xae; may represent a useful aid in the preliminary screening phase.

Humans↗
PubMed2017

Surface PD-L1,&#xa0;E-cadherin, CD24, and VEGFR2 as markers of epithelial cancer stem cells associated with rapid tumorigenesis.

Cancer cells require both&#xa0;migratory and&#xa0;tumorigenic property to establish metastatic tumors outside the primary microenvironment. Identifying the characteristic features of migratory cancer stem cells with tumorigenic property is important to predict patient prognosis and combat metastasis. Here we established one epithelial and two mesenchymal cell lines from ascites of a bladder cancer patient (i.e. cells already migrated outside primary tumor). Analyses of these cell lines demonstrated that the epithelial cells with surface expression of PD-L1,&#xa0;E-cadherin, CD24, and VEGFR2 rapidly formed tumors outside the primary tumor microenvironment in nude mice, exhibited signatures of immune evasion, increased stemness, increased calcium signaling, transformation, and novel E-cadherin-RalBP1 interaction. The mesenchymal cells on the other hand, exhibited constitutive TGF-&#x3b2; signaling and were less tumorigenic. Hence, targeting epithelial cancer stem cells with rapid tumorigenesis signatures in future might help to combat metastasis.

B7-H1 Antigen↗