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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1978

Pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving cervical metallic restorations.

The pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving teeth restored with Class V cervical amalgams and nonrestored teeth were evaluated in three cynomolgus monkeys. Electrosurgical current was delivered for 1 second with a fully rectified unit at an output intensity consistent with normal clinical usage. Experimental conditions included electrosurgery involving restored teeth, electrosurgery involving unrestored enamel, restored teeth not subjected to electrosurgery, and teeth which were neither restored nor subjected to electrosurgery. No pulpal or periodontal tissue changes were observed in the latter three groups of teeth. Electrosurgery involving cervical restorations consistently resulted in coagulation necrosis of the pulp and extensive resorption of cementum, dentin, and interradicular bone in the furcation area of multirooted teeth. The results suggest that inadvertent contact with cervical restorations during electrosurgical procedures may endanger both the pulp and the periodontal attachment apparatus.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Monitoring instrumentation. Isolated inputs, electrosurgery filtering, burns protection: what does it mean?

1. 50Hz Interference : the patient's body acts as can an antenna picking up several volts of 50 Hz noise from the power line. Differential amplifiers are the key separating the 1 mV E.C.G. signal wanted from 50Hz. Further reduction of this interference is possible with the help of high input impedance amplifiers and proper electrode techniques. 2. Isolated inputs : electrodes internal to the body give rise to potential hazards. Isolated inputs prevent dangerous currents from flowing directly through the patient to ground, should he come into contact with 50Hz AC power. Even micro-shocks caused by leakage currents as low as 50 micro-amps are prevented. These can cause ventricular fibrillation when applied directly to the heart. 3. Electrosurgery interference : electrosurgery machines generate high frequency signals with amplitudes of several hundred volts. This interference is minimized by low-pass filtering, shielding of the input circuitry and using proper monitoring and electrosurgery techniques. (Electrodes, cables, monitor and electrosurgery machine positioning). 4. Patient burns protection :isolated inputs do not protect against high frequency eleectrosurgery currents. Burns occur if the normal return path is interrupted and the current flows to ground through the monitor. Burns can be prevented by making sure that the patient is in intimate contact with the return patient plate, by using high frequency blocks (chokes) close to the E.G.C. electrodes sites and by using isolated-output electrosurgery units. 5. Monitor protection against damage from defibrillator pulses and electrosurgery currents : very sensitive input amplifiers must be able to survive up to 6,000 volt levels. 6. Battery powered monitors have a unique problem : Lack of a connection to ground. Whereas this is most often considered a safety advantage, it can be a hazard if the patient or operator becomes the link from the equipment to ground for a dangerously high current. A very expensive cabinet design could eliminate the above hazard and make the battery powered monitor the ideal operating room instrument.

Burns, Electric↗

PubMed1992

A comparative analysis of adhesion reduction, tissue effects, and incising characteristics of electrosurgery, CO2 laser, and Nd:YAG laser at operative laparoscopy: an animal study.

In this study, the relative efficacy and tissue effects of lasers and electrosurgery at operative laparoscopy were evaluated. Thirty rabbits underwent surgical procedures to create extensive intraperitoneal adhesions. The animals were then randomly assigned to laparoscopic adhesiolysis utilizing either electrosurgery, CO2 laser, or Nd:YAG laser exclusively for the assigned group. Each surgical tool was utilized at its optimal power density to achieve the best results. The depth of thermal injury on ovarian and uterine tissues, and the speed at which various segments of the uterine horn were transected were also compared. All three modalities significantly reduced (p < 0.01) intraperitoneal adhesions by approximately 50%. The depth of thermal injury was threefold greater with the Nd:YAG laser than either electrosurgery or the CO2 at both ovarian and uterine tissues (p < 0.001). The speed of transection across the uterine horn was significantly slower (p < 0.001) with the Nd:YAG (2.6 +/- 0.3 sec) than either the CO2 laser (1.4 +/- 0.2 sec) or electrosurgery (1.5 +/- 0.2 sec). From this study, the authors conclude that the Nd:YAG laser causes more tissue damage and is less efficient at incising tissue than either CO2 or electrosurgery, but that all three modalities are equally effective for laparoscopic adhesiolysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

A method to measure operating variables in electrosurgery.

Variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgical wounding have been identified and discussed. An electronic measuring device was designed and built to record actual power generated at the active electrode during surgical use of an electrosurgery instrument. In addition, this electronic device measures the amount of time the active electrode is in contact with tissue. Coupled with an electrosurgery unit producing a documented waveform and an electrosurgery electrode having a controlled-depth gauge, variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgery wounding may be measured.

Electricity↗

PubMed1992

In-vivo studies of uterine electrosurgery.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of electrosurgery on the living human uterus. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Nine women with recurrent refractory dysfunctional uterine bleeding, listed for hysterectomy. INTERVENTION: Experimental endometrial resection on patients immediately prior to hysterectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The influence of power output, duration of exposure and repetition of consecutive surgical applications on the size of the zone of thermal necrosis in uterine tissue. RESULTS: Resection of the endometrium was associated with a narrow zone of thermal necrosis of between 0.69 and 0.76 mm which was not dependent on power output. Duration of exposure, however, was directly related to tissue necrosis (1.44 vs 1.88 mm for 1s and 5s, respectively). Coagulation by pin-point desiccation caused a zone of thermal necrosis of 3.30-3.77 mm that was independent of either power or duration of exposure to electrical energy. Thermal transmission through the uterus in situ, during electrosurgery was minimal, the maximum recorded rise in temperature from the baseline was 0.4 degrees C. The differences between the in vitro and in vivo effects of electrosurgery are highlighted and the possible reasons for these differences explored. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for unwanted thermally-induced damage to the uterus is small.

Electrosurgery↗

PubMed1976

Excisional electrosurgery (endothermy) in dermatology.

The physical characteristics of electrosurgery are reviewed and the peculiar behavior of the cutting current is described. The indications for excisional by electrosurgery are discussed and the procedure is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are given. It is concluded that the overall results of excisional electrosurgery compare very favorably with other surgical procedures on the skin.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗

PubMed1976

A comparitive study of the healing of wounds made by scalpel and electrosurgery in rabbits.

A study in the rabbit of the healing of wounds made by electrosurgery and scalpel showed less damage to the tissues arose with the scalpel and healing was more advanced at 24 and 48 hours. More extensive bleeding occurred when electrosurgery was used on the tongue. At 72 hours extensive fibrous tissue was seen but infiltration with inflammatory cells was heavier where electrosurgery was used. Epithelium had covered all wounds at seven days but basal cell layers were not complete and papillae had not reappeared on the tongue.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Electrosurgery-induced endotracheal tube ignition during tracheotomy.

Electrosurgery was the most common source of ignition for operating room fires prior to the advent of lasers. When combined with volatile anesthetic mixtures, electrosurgery has caused ignition of plastic, rubber, paper, enteric gases, and combustible preparation solutions. We report on an intubated patient whose polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube ignited during a tracheotomy performed with an electrosurgical unit. The oxygen-rich environment, the polyvinyl chloride tube, and the heat generated by the electrosurgical unit combined to produce a fire. Since otolaryngologists are called upon often to perform tracheotomies on intubated patients, it is imperative that they understand the factors involved in the development of such a fire. This case is presented with an explanation of why this type of fire occurs. A brief review of the literature is included. Different kinds of electrosurgical units, precautions as to their use, and the management of electrosurgery-induced endotracheal tube fires are also discussed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1991

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: laser versus electrosurgery.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported to be a safe and effective way to remove a diseased gallbladder with essentially no morbidity or mortality (1,2). This procedure was first introduced in Europe using electrosurgery, and later introduced in the United States using the laser (1). No clinical trial compares the laser to the standard electrosurgery method. In a review, as well as an ongoing study, morbidity, mortality, intraoperative procedures, indications, and cost effectiveness are considered in these two groups. Three hundred cases were reviewed with 150 patients in each group. There were no deaths or significant complications in either group. In the laser group, bleeding seemed slightly more excessive during removal of the gallbladder from the liver bed and required more time to control. The electrosurgery group required slightly less operative time and was less costly. The postoperative recovery time was the same in each group.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fundamentals of electrosurgery.

Electrosurgery uses electricity to remove tissue, coagulate bleeding, or destroy tumors. Modern units, first developed for application in neurosurgery, are now available in office models that are most commonly used by the family physician for cutaneous surgery. Electrosurgery can accomplish cutting, coagulation, desiccation, and fulguration. Electrosurgical equipment for the office is relatively inexpensive and portable. The main advantage of this surgical modality is rapid completion of the procedure with minimal surgical time, because hemostasis occurs at the time of the incision. After some basic instruction and initial practice on animal tissue, which are provided through the guidance of several excellent texts or continuing education courses, the family physician can readily apply electrosurgery in an office-based practice safely, efficiently, and with satisfying results.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMed1992

Education and engineering solutions for potential problems with laparoscopic monopolar electrosurgery.

The potential problems of monopolar electrosurgery relate to unrecognized energy transfer ("stray current") outside the view of the laparoscope. Mechanisms of stray current and unrecognized tissue injury include: (1) insulation breaks in electrodes; (2) capacitive coupling, or induced currents through the intact insulation of the active electrode to surrounding cannulas or other instruments; and (3) direct coupling (or unintended contact) between the active electrode and other metal instruments or cannulas within the abdomen. Capacitive coupling poses the greatest risk for injury when the outer conductor (trocar cannula or irrigation cannula) is electrically isolated from the abdominal wall by a plastic nonconductor. Capacitive coupling is increased by the coagulation mode (versus cut), open circuit (versus tissue contact with the electrode), 5-mm cannulas (versus 11 mm), and higher voltage generators. The safety of electrosurgery can be enhanced by surgical education regarding the biophysics of radio frequency electrical energy, technical choices in instruments using all-metal cannula systems, and engineering developments with a dynamically monitored system for insulation failure and capacitive coupling.

Electric Conductivity↗

PubMed1991

Standing endoscopic electrosurgery.

Common equine upper respiratory conditions are diagnosed via endoscopy. Endoscopic surgery facilitates correction of many conditions without general anesthesia or laryngotomy, reducing the morbidity and cost of the procedures. Modalities of endoscopic surgery include the Nd-YAG laser or electrosurgery, which may be complementary. The least expensive method is electrosurgery, and instruments are available that can be passed through the biopsy channel of the endoscope. Conditions amenable to such procedures include entrapped epiglottis, rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch, pharyngeal cysts or polyps, retropharyngeal abscesses within the guttural pouch, guttural pouch tympany, and ethmoid hematoma.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The destructive potential of electrosurgery on the periodontium.

Three cases have been presented illustrating the complications which may arise from the use of electrosurgery. These cases provide clinical evidence of the potential for severe periodontal destruction, a potential that must be weighed carefully by any practitioner who uses an electrosurgical instrument. It is suggested that new scientific studies be initiated to establish basic principles that will eliminate the hazards that now exist in the routine use of electrosurgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Electrosurgery in restorative dentistry: 1. Theory.

Electrosurgery techniques have been used in dentistry as an aid to soft tissue management for nearly 60 years. However, it was not until the late 1960s that the principles of electrosurgery were understood and improved equipment became available. Part 1 of this two-part series covers the theory behind using this technique. Part 2 will discuss the clinical applications.

Dentistry, Operative↗

PubMed1992

Electrosurgery in restorative Dentistry: 2. Clinical applications.

Electrosurgery techniques have been used in dentistry as an aid to soft tissue management for nearly 60 years. However, it was not until the late 1960s that the principles of electrosurgery were understood and improved equipment became available. Part 1 of the two-part series covered the theory behind using this technique. Part 2 will now discusses the clinical applications.

Dental Restoration, Permanent↗

PubMed1991

Electrosurgery for cutaneous lesions.

Electrosurgery can be used to excise tissue, coagulate blood vessels or destroy tumors. Electrosurgical techniques include cutting, coagulation, desiccation and fulguration. For skin lesions, electrosurgery offers the advantages of rapid treatment, hemostasis at the time of incision, preservation of a specimen for pathologic examination and cosmetically acceptable results.

Electrosurgery↗

PubMed1990

Electrosurgery: advantages and disadvantages.

Though electrosurgery has been with us for decades, few surgeons have received formal training in its potential uses. The erroneous belief that electrosurgery techniques increase scar formation or impair healing processes, has led surgeons to other methods to deliver energy to the living cell. A watt, is a watt, is a watt--knowing how to calculate and administer that energy is the challenge. Fig. 4. Laser technology has forced the bioelectrical engineers to develop improved electrogenerators and accessories that are easier to understand and control. The use of digital reader boards, displayed in watts rather than an arbitrary dial setting is one example. A current flow meter for bipolar forceps will now tell the surgeon when all of the tissue has been desiccated. Soon I hope the power density and wattage delivered at the electrode tip will be easily displayed for the gynecologic surgeons. Who knows, one day we may have a "laser-electrode" system to meet all of our needs.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1991

A prospective study of incisional time, blood loss, pain, and healing with carbon dioxide laser, scalpel, and electrosurgery.

Carbon dioxide laser incisions are reported to be less painful, less bloody, and less prone to seroma formation and to heal better than scalpel or electrosurgical incisions. We compared all three modalities in a prospective randomized study of cholecystectomy incisions. Time required for the incision and incisional blood loss was less with electrosurgery than with the carbon dioxide laser or scalpel. Postoperative pain and wound healing, however, were the same for all three techniques. The carbon dioxide laser appears to offer no advantage over conventional means of making a standard incision.

Adult↗