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18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

College students' attitudes, practices, and knowledge of food safety.

A survey instrument was developed to assess attitudes, practices, and knowledge of food safety of college students in three U.S. geographic locations. Eight hundred twenty-four students in both food-related (one-third of sample) and nonfood-related disciplines completed the questionnaire during classroom periods. Data were analyzed to obtain total attitude, practice, and safety scores, with emphasis given to analyzing differences among disciplines and demographic characteristics. Mean scores were given for each of the survey items, and results from open-ended questions were discussed. Dietetic, food science, nutrition, and health majors had significantly (< or = 0.05) higher attitude scores than students majoring in other disciplines. No differences were found among disciplines for the practice scores, which ranged from 74 to 79% of the total possible practice score. Students enrolled in dietetics, arts and science (physical sciences), and veterinary medicine had significantly (< or = 0.05) higher knowledge scores, although the highest mean score (for dietetics) was only 74% of the total possible score. Women who had enrolled in a college course that included food safety information had significantly (< or = 0.05) higher attitude and practice scores. Such course enrollment led to both genders having significantly (< or = 0.05) higher knowledge scores than those without this opportunity. Implications were given for using these data to encourage college professors in food-related disciplines to become involved with the education of all future consumers, especially as the prevalence of food safety controversies is likely to increase as the food supply changes and technology becomes more sophisticated.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Nutrition labeling statement. The Board of the National Nutrition Consortium.

The National Nutrition Consortium Board commends the FDA for its efforts to provide nutrition information to the consumer. We emphasize the necessity of supporting this system with a comprehensive nutrition education program. The system should lend itself to providing as much information as is possible about the total food supply. Changes in the current system must be based on well-designed and carefully analyzed consumer research data.

Food Labeling↗
PubMed1997

The nutrient content of the Italian food supply 1961-1992.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the methodology used to determine nutrient per capita per day values, to report values for food energy and 12 nutrients and to compare these values with FAO nutrient per capita values and Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs) for Italy. DESIGN: The nutrient content of the Italian food supply was calculated using food per capita data from FAO and food composition data from the Italian National Nutrition Institute. RESULTS: All nutrient per capita values have increased since 1961 except carboyhdrate. Wheat-based products were important sources of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, iron, and potassium; and vegetables were predominant sources of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, and potassium. The increase in red meats has accounted for some of the increases in fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, and iron. FAO reported higher values for energy, fat and niacin and lower values for protein, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, calcium in all years. The trends for vitamin A and iron were similar in both data sets; however, there were switches in which set reported higher values. The trends for niacin and calcium were not similar. When compared with the RDIs, most of the nutrients were adequate. The exceptions were iron for females ages 10-59 and calcium for adolescents. CONCLUSION: Different nutrient values and sometimes trends resulted when nutrient composition data and edible portion factors specific to Italy were used to determine nutrient per capita values. The nutrient content of the Italian food supply changed between 1961 and 1992, suggesting dietary patterns in Italy also changed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sodium reduction for hypertension prevention in overweight adults: further results from the Trials of Hypertension Prevention Phase II.

Sodium reduction is efficacious for primary prevention of hypertension, but the feasibility of achieving this effect is unclear. The objective of the paper is detailed analyses of adherence to and effects of the sodium reduction intervention among overweight adults in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase II. Sodium reduction (comprehensive education and counselling about how to reduce sodium intake) was tested vs no dietary intervention (usual care) for 36-48 months. A total of 956 white and 203 black adults, ages 30-54 years, with diastolic blood pressure 83-89 mmHg, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <140 mmHg, and body weight 110-165% of gender-specific standard weight were included in the study. At 36 months, urinary sodium excretion was 40.4 mmol/24 h (24.4%) lower in sodium reduction compared to usual care participants (P<0.0001), but only 21% of sodium reduction participants achieved the targeted level of sodium excretion below 80 mmol/24 h. Adherence was positively related to attendance at face-to-face contacts. Net decreases in SBP at 6, 18, and 36 months of 2.9 (P<0.001), 2.0 (P<0.001), and 1.3 (P=0.02) mmHg in sodium reduction vs usual care were associated with an overall 18% lower incidence of hypertension (P=0.048); were relatively unchanged by adjustment for ethnicity, gender, age, and baseline blood pressure, BMI, and sodium excretion; and were observed in both black and white men and women. From these beneficial but modest results with highly motivated and extensively counselled individuals, sodium reduction sufficient to favourably influence the population blood pressure distribution will be difficult to achieve without food supply changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The historiography of hunger: changing views on the world food problem, 1945-1980.

The author discusses changing views on the world food problem since 1945. "The extent of the problem has been a matter of debate as hunger cannot be directly measured; estimated minimum requirements for energy have been reduced since 1945 and the causes of malnutrition reappraised. World food production has kept up with population growth since 1945, as it has in all major regions except Africa. But when individual countries are considered, food output per head has been declining since 1961-5 in many countries in Africa and Asia. Food output has been increased in the developing countries by expanding the area under cultivation and by increasing yields." In addition the author concludes that "the Green Revolution has however not achieved early expectations and has had some adverse economic and social consequences. Because world food output per caput has risen considerably since 1945, some have argued that the world food problem is one of distribution, not production. Data on food output per caput suggest this is not always so."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

The effect of improved nutrition on plasma prolactin concentrations and postpartum infertility in lactating Gambian women.

A substantial increase in food consumption of lactating Gambian women has been shown to be associated with a reduction in their plasma prolactin concentration. Women receiving food supplements during pregnancy as well as in lactation exhibited an even greater lowering of the postpartum plasma levels of this hormone. Consequently prolactin values of supplemented women returned more quickly to levels which allowed the resumption of menstrual and ovulatory activity. Concurrent measurements of the plasma concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in addition to prolactin allowed the calculation of prolactin values at which half the lactating women could be expected to have resumed menstruation and ovulation. These values were 1007 and 759 microU/ml, respectively. Dietary improvement during lactation alone resulted in these critical prolactin concentrations being reached 21 wk earlier than in nonsupplemented counterparts, while those receiving the extra food in both pregnancy and lactation showed a 35-wk shortening of postpartum amenorrhea and infertility.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1993

Undernutrition in Nigeria: dimension, causes and remedies for alleviation in a changing socio-economic environment.

Undernutrition in Nigeria is a long standing problem which has persisted since the 1960s and whose magnitude is on the increase. This is because food consumption, both in quality and quantity, has decreased appreciably, especially with the commencement of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1986. Available studies from limited data have indicated that the introduction of economic reforms more than anything else has contributed to reduced food intake and the near collapse of nutrition oriented health delivery services. Since the economic reforms may continue into the next decade and beyond, sustainable remedies for alleviation of the problem are urgently needed. Suggested remedial programmes include increased support for the rural farmers, strengthening of the rural credit schemes that are specifically targeted at the poor, distribution of vitamin A and iron supplements in rural health centres, encouraging production of low cost weaning diets and integrating nutrition education in primary health care schemes and in educational curricula.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

World food resources and population: the narrowing margin.

This bulletin examines the narrowing margin between global food production and population growth. Between 1950 and 1971, world grain production nearly doubled and per capita production increased 31%. During the 1970s, gains in output barely kept pace with population growth, consumption/person declined in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, food prices were volatile, and over 100 food deficit countries came to depend on the exportable surplus of North America, now the only major grain exporting region. The world fish catch levelled off in the early 1970s and beef production, still dependent mainly on grassland grazing, levelled off in the mid-1970s. With little new land left to plow, satisfying increased food demand now depends on sharp increases in yields on existing crop land. Worldwide, this effort is hampered by loss of topsoil and irrigated land, conversion of cropland to nonfarm uses, rising energy costs, inefficient agrarian structures, particularly in the Soviet Union, the falling yield response to chemical fertilizers in agriculturally advanced countries, and the emerging competition between food and agriculturally based energy crops. Green Revolution successes in some developing countries deomonstrate that, given the right inputs, 3rd world farmers can increase crop yields dramatically. Feeding the world's poor also requires more equitable income and food distribution, including a reduction in the proportion of grain and fish consumed indirectly as livestock products by the affluent. Most important in meeting food needs on a finite planet is braking population growth. The author concludes that every effort should be made to stabilize world production at abour 6 billion by 2020, rather than 10.5 billion by 2110, as is now projected by the UN.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

A strategy for reducing numbers? Response.

I am not particularly knowledgeable on the subject-matter of this article; but would like to make brief comments from the broad economic point of view. The concept of a demographic 'trap' is not sound. For one thing, this concept completely ignores the possibility of 'trade' in food by implicitly assuming that the capacity of a community to support its population depends on its own output of food through appropriate economic policies. There were many predictions of disastrous famines in India in the early 70s on the basis of considerations such as those advanced by Dr Ding. Amartya Sen has argued, quite plausibly, that famines occur because of maldistribution of food and lack of adequate 'safety nets' rather than a decline in total food output. Sen is referred to at 1 place in the article; but somewhat out of context. The conclusion that if the birth rate does not fall, the death rate should also not be allowed to fall is repugnant. Look at the countries of Latin America; population growth is high, but there is no 'entrapment'. The so called 'trap' can, of course, occur because of failure of economic and social policies and international economic policies. However, there is nothing inevitable about it (at any given rate of population growth). The author's plea for greater information and public education in respect of demographic trends and consequences is valid. There is also an urgent need for a new thrust in family planning programs on wider economic and social grounds. However, this case is quite independent of the 'entrapment' theory.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Serotonin, eating behavior, and fat intake.

There is an intimate relationship between nutritional intake (eating) and serotonin activity. Experimental manipulations (mainly neuropharmacological) of serotonin influence the pattern of eating behavior, subjective feelings of appetite motivation, and the response to nutritional challenges. Similarly, nutritional manipulations (food restriction, dieting, or altered nutrient supply) change the sensitivity of the serotonin network. Traditionally, serotonin has been linked to the macronutrient carbohydrate via the intermediary step of plasma amino acid ratios. However, it has also been demonstrated that 5-HT drugs will reduce energy intake and reverse body weight gain in rats exposed to weight increasing high fat diets. 5-HT drugs can also reduce food intake and block weight gain of rats on a high fat cafeteria diet. Some diet selection studies in rats indicate that the most prominent reduction of macronutrient intake is for fat. These data indicate that 5-HT activity can bring about a reduction in fat consumption. In turn, different types of dietary fat can alter brain 5-HT activity. In human studies the methodology of food choice experiments has often precluded the detection of an effect of 5-HT manipulation on fat intake. However, there is evidence that in obese and lean subjects some 5-HT drugs can readily reduce the intake of high fat foods. Data also suggest that 5-HT activation can lead to a selective avoidance of fat in the diet. These effects of 5-HT on the intake of dietary fat may involve a pre-absorptive mechanism and there is evidence that 5-HT is linked to cholecystokinin and enterostatin. These proposals have theoretical and practical implications and suggest possible strategies to intensify or advance fat-induced satiety signals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The dynamics of fresh fruit and vegetable pricing in the supermarket channel.

This paper explains the major factors that contribute to the complicated price formation process, as several levels, of fresh fruit and vegetables in the US. Several factors are explored: marketing channels, market structure changes, pricing techniques and promotional impacts, retail responses to supply changes, and price versus value. The paper illustrates with recent examples and research findings that the fresh produce system is dynamic and that simplistic solutions to complex problems are not likely. The paper finishes by suggesting some areas for needed additional research.

Commerce↗