[Nutrition growth and development. Human development division].
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “Human Development”
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[Theories and methodology of human development. 4. Human development and guidance of students. (2)].
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Personality Development↗
The metabolism of ketone bodies in developing human brain: development of ketone-body-utilizing enzymes and ketone bodies as precursors for lipid synthesis.
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Acetates↗
Expression of high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein and vimentin in human developing spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.
Expression of intermediate filament proteins in developing human dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord was studied using double-label immunofluorescence on frozen sections with monoclonal antibodies to vimentin and high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein (NF-H). Both proteins were found in the nerve fibres inside the ganglia of 6- and 8-week embryos. In 9-14-week embryos the NF-H protein was found in the perikarya of ganglion cells. Vimentin was only sporadically present in these cells, but was accumulated in connective tissue cells. In the following development the NF-H protein expression was limited to the ganglion cells and processes, and vimentin was confined to the satellite cells and mesenchymal derivatives. In the spinal cord of the 6-week and 8-week human embryos NF-H protein was found in the longitudinal fibres of the marginal layer and in a loose network of nerve fibres in the mantle zone. Some of the nerve fibres were also vimentin positive. The coexpression of both proteins stopped during weeks 9-10. In 30-week foetuses vimentin was only found in glial cells and mesenchymal derivatives, while NF-H protein was in the axons of both white and grey matter but not in neuronal perikarya.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in the human developing sural nerve.
Axon caliber and myelin sheath thickness of individual nerve fibers were evaluated in the developing human sural nerve using three different methods of measurement: 1. ocular micrometer evaluation of large fibers, 2. photographic enlargements for evaluating large numbers of nerve fibers of all sizes, and 3. electron microscopic enlargements for more precise measurements in selected nerves. The average axonal diameter doubles from 5 months gestation to about 5 years of age. Large fiber group axons increase, during the same period, by a factor of 3--3.5 with a slight decrease thereafter. The myelin thickness increases more slowly, but continuously, between 5 months gestation until the age of 14. This asynchronous development of axons and myelin sheaths results in a statistically significant change of the ratio between axonal caliber and myelin thickness. The slope of the regression line is steeper in older than in younger individuals, and the correlation coefficient increases during development of the nerve.
Adolescent↗
Expression and amplification of cellular oncogenes in human developing placenta and neoplastic trophoblastic tissue.
To confirm the expression of cellular oncogenes during normal development, their differential RNA levels in developing human placenta have been studied using radioactive probes such as v-abl, v-erbA, v-fms, v-mos, v-myc, N-ras and v-src. The c-mos and N-ras genes are expressed and amplified at high levels especially in term placenta, while c-abl, and c-erbA are expressed constantly during development. These findings indicate that c-mos and N-ras genes may be closely linked to normal differentiation, although c-abl and c-erbA may participate in overall developmental processes. In contrast, transcripts of c-myc and c-src are enhanced at first trimester and decreased sequentially thereafter, showing that these genes may play a role in early proliferation. Expression patterns of c-fms gene are same as that of c-myc and c-src except reelevation at term. In addition, to characterize the effect of cellular oncogene expression has been also examined in hydatidiform mole and tumor cells such as BeWo and choriocarcinoma. All cellular oncogenes examined in this study were significantly overexpressed. Thus, our results suggest that cellular oncogene activation may be strongly associated with neoplastic change of trophoblast.
DNA Probes↗
Differential expression of thymosin genes in human tumors and in the developing human kidney.
Thymosins beta 4 and beta 10 are 2 structurally related polypeptides originally defined in the rat immune system. To date, no truly unambiguous functions have been formally ascribed to these small (less than 4.9 kDa) acidic proteins. Previous research has demonstrated relationships between expression of these genes and cell growth/differentiation. These observations prompted the present study which has used cDNA and synthetic oligonucleotide probes in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine the differential expression of these 2 genes in normal and neoplastic human tissues and in the developing human kidney. Low levels of beta 4 and beta 10 mRNA species prevailed in normal tissues; in contrast, these gene transcripts were notably more abundant in malignant renal tumors and in the normal human embryonic kidney. These findings show that the thymosin beta 4 and beta 10 genes are constitutively expressed at higher levels in embryonic/neoplastic as compared to normal/benign tissues and that thymosin in beta 10 in particular may be a new molecular marker for renal-cell carcinoma as well as other malignancies.
Aging↗
Opioid receptors localize to the external granular cell layer of the developing human cerebellum.
The distribution of opioid receptors in the developing human cerebellum was determined by tissue autoradiography using [3H]naloxone. In infants, opioid receptors were heavily concentrated in the external granular layer, a matrix of germinal cells, and were substantially less concentrated in the internal granular layer, differentiating progeny of external granular cells. In the mature internal granular layer of the child and adult, opioid receptors were negligible. Thus, in the human cerebellum, opioid receptors localize to a population of germinal cells and are negligible in their mature progeny. These data support the idea that endogenous opioids play a role in human brain development and may function as receptor-mediated growth factors. The cerebellum provides a model site to examine abnormal opioid effects upon human brain development, particularly in infants exposed to narcotics in utero.
Cell Differentiation↗
Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos.
In a brief historical survey, the importance of Wilhelm His, senior, to human embryology is emphasized. He provided the impetus to Mall to establish the Carnegie Embryological Collection, which serves as a 'Bureau of Standards' for early human development. The Carnegie system of 23 stages for the embryonic period proper (first 8 postovulatory wk) is outlined, and some common misusages are noted. Finally, because of the difficulty in tracking down data based on staged human embryos, an annotated list of more than 40 key references is provided.
Embryology↗
Insulin-like growth factor II expression in the developing human brain.
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a polypeptide hormone with insulin-like metabolic activity and neurotrophic activity in vitro that has been implicated in human brain development. In this study, we used northern blot analysis to examine the patterns of IGF-II mRNA expression in selected regions of 18 human brains from cases ranging in age from 20 gestational weeks to 2.5 years (median age 31 gestational weeks). The expression of IGF-II mRNA was widespread throughout the brain from midgestation through the perinatal period. Each region showed a distinct developmental pattern of expression and IGF-II mRNA levels varied considerably between regions. The highest levels of expression at all ages were in leptomeninges and choroid plexus. After two postnatal months, IGF-II mRNA virtually disappeared from parenchymal regions. Beyond the perinatal period, IGF-II expression persisted primarily in choroid plexus. Transcripts of both 6.0 and 4.8 kb were detected in most brain regions. A developmental change in the relative amounts of the two transcripts occurred in choroid plexus, leptomeninges and medulla. The expression of IGF-II mRNA in the brain parenchyma during the last half of gestation correlates with a period of major brain growth and supports the hypothesis that high levels of IGF-II stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural cells early in development.
Blotting, Northern↗
Human development through occupation: a philosophy and conceptual model for practice, part 2.
The development of a philosophy of practice called "human development through occupation" is described in this paper. This philosophy was developed through study and identification of generic concepts in four major theoretical frameworks for occupational therapy described in a preceding article. The philosophy of practice proposes a view of Man, a view of human health, and a view of the profession. These theoretical and philosophical resources are then used to construct a conceptual model of the content and sequence of the occupational therapy practice process. It is believed that the four theoretical frameworks, philosophy of practice, and conceptual model detailed in these two papers can provide direction for general practitioners and specialists in service, education, and research. Examples of application are included, together with suggestions for further investigation.
Health↗
Human development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries.
BACKGROUND: The macro-social and environmental conditions in which people live, such as the level of a country's development or inequality, are associated with brain-related disorders. However, the relationship between these systemic environmental factors and the brain remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the level of development and inequality of a country and the brain structure of healthy adults. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study pooling brain imaging (T1-based) data from 145 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in 7,962 healthy adults (4,110 women) in 29 different countries. We used a meta-regression approach to relate the brain structure to the country's level of development and inequality. RESULTS: Higher human development was consistently associated with larger hippocampi and more expanded global cortical surface area, particularly in frontal areas. Increased inequality was most consistently associated with smaller hippocampal volume and thinner cortical thickness across the brain. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the macro-economic conditions of a country are reflected in its inhabitants' brains and may explain the different incidence of brain disorders across the world. The observed variability of brain structure in health across countries should be considered when developing tools in the field of personalized or precision medicine that are intended to be used across the world.
Humans↗
Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain.
The retinoic acid-responsive thymosin beta-10 gene is known to be developmentally regulated in the human brain. We now report the novel finding that thymosin beta-4, a structurally related 5-kDa actin-sequestering protein, is also subject to a similar but not identical pattern of expression during normal human neuroembryogenesis. However, while thymosin beta-10 mRNA was undetectable (by northern blot analysis) in adult human brain, levels of thymosin beta-4 mRNA, although greatly reduced, were still present. Moreover, a novel thymosin beta-10-like gene was also found to exhibit a unique stage-specific expression during early human neural development. These experiments, together with previous findings, indicate that the products of the two thymosin genes, possibly in association with cytoskeletal elements, may play different roles during early neuroembryogenesis and neural maturation.
Adult↗
Evolution of cytokeratin expression in developing human tooth germ.
Cytokeratin expression by the developing human enamel organ between the 10th and the 23rd gestational week was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy technique using a panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies. The results showed that five antibodies (RKSE 60, Kk 8-60, EE 21-6, 6B10 and 1 C-7) were never reactive, that five antibodies (RCK 102, 42.39.13.1, Ks 19 and Pan 1-8) were always positive and that five antibodies (KB 37, RPN 11-62, Ks 13.1, Ks 8-12 and Ks 18.174) obtained or increased their positivity between weeks 12 and 13. It was concluded that a switch in cytokeratin expression occurred around the 12th-13th weeks. No further important change could be noticed after this period. So it is suggested that final cell differentiation was initiated at weeks 12-13.
Amelogenesis↗
Cytologic localization of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in developing human placenta varies over the course of pregnancy.
Cytologic localization of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in developing human placenta was analyzed by avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase techniques with a polyclonal antibody to epidermal growth factor and a monoclonal antibody to its receptor. In 4- to 5-week placenta, epidermal growth factor and its receptor were found to be almost exclusively localized to cytotrophoblasts, whereas in 6- to 12-week placentas they were predominantly localized to syncytiotrophoblasts. These findings suggest that both are initially expressed in cytotrophoblasts in very early placenta before 6 weeks' gestation and thereafter expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts in 6- to 12-week placentas. Their simultaneous expression in the cytotrophoblast of 4- to 5-week placentas and in the syncytiotrophoblast of 6- to 12-week placentas implies that epidermal growth factor may act in an autocrine manner in first-trimester placentas. By contrast, in second- and third-trimester placentas, epidermal growth factor was mainly localized to cytotrophoblasts, whereas its receptor was predominantly localized to syncytiotrophoblasts. These findings imply that epidermal growth factor may act in a paracrine fashion in second- and third-trimester placentas. The dynamic change in cytologic localization of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in developing human placentas may reflect the change in a possible role of epidermal growth factor in the course of fetoplacental development.
Epidermal Growth Factor↗
Recent evolution of the developing human intestine affects metabolic and barrier functions.
Diet, microbiota, and other exposures make the intestinal epithelium a nexus for evolutionary change; however, little is known about genomic changes associated with adaptation to a distinctly human environment. In this work, we interrogate the evolution of cell types in the developing human intestine by comparing tissue and organoids from humans, chimpanzees, and mice. We find that recent changes in primates are associated with immune barrier function and lipid and xenobiotic metabolism and that human-specific genetic features affect these functions. Enhancer assays, genetic deletion, and in silico mutagenesis resolve evolutionarily important enhancers of lactase (LCT) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). Altogether, we identify the developing human intestinal epithelium as a rapidly evolving system and show that great ape organoids provide insight into human biology.
Animals↗
Application of Jean Piaget's theory of human development for nursing children in an adult intensive therapy unit.
Piaget (1964) believed that interaction with the environment has a large part to play in human development. Matthew (1986) states that in an ideal world critically ill children should be cared for by staff trained in paediatrics, within designated paediatric intensive therapy units. Unfortunately, there are only 28 paediatric intensive therapy units in Great Britain (CMA Medical Data, 1987), consequently each year a third of children requiring intensive care are admitted to adult intensive therapy units (ITU). A knowledge and understanding of developmental psychology can therefore be beneficial to nurses in assessing which stage of development a child has reached, in order to plan the correct level of stimulation, and hence facilitate progress rather than regression in the accomplishment of developmental tasks. The psychological and social processes involved in Jean Piaget's (1896-1980) theory of human development are discussed with regard to nursing children requiring intubation and ventilation in an adult ITU.
Adolescent↗