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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Measuring equipment for bedside diagnosis of respiratory function in spontaneously breathing newborn infants].

Equipment was developed for bedside lung function testing in the newborn using the simultaneous measurement of air flow rate, tidal volume, and esophageal pressure changes as a measure of transpulmonary pressure. The equipment has a number of advantages for the investigation of very low birthweight infants. A flow-through technique was used to eliminate the dead space of the face mask and a very thin micro-tipped catheter permits ready measurement of esophageal pressure. With this equipment, long-term measurements are also possible in oxygen-dependent newborns and the air-tightness of the mask can be monitored continuously. Long-time measurements in neonates are a prerequisite for standardizing the measuring conditions and adapting the duration of the measurement to the variability of the signals, especially in newborn with an irregular pattern of breathing.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2003

Relationships of equipment use and play positions to motor development at eight months corrected age of infants born preterm.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between both use of infant equipment and play positions and motor development of infants born preterm who were classified as high risk. Subjects were 60 parent-infant dyads attending a developmental follow-up clinic. METHODS: Parents reported the duration of infant equipment use and the predominant positions in which their infants played in the previous month. Infants were assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). RESULTS: Equipment use was not related to motor development; however, the duration of carrying was negatively related to the sit subscale of the AIMS (r = -0.31, p < 0.05). As a group, the infants in this sample spent more time in the relatively less active play positions of sitting and supine than in the positions of prone and standing. CONCLUSIONS: Therapists should consider the use of equipment and specific play positions to enhance motor development of infants born preterm and work with parents to promote an understanding of the importance of providing their infants with opportunities to develop early motor competencies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

New technique for servo-control of arterial oxygen tension in preterm infants.

Equipment has been developed for the servo-control of arterial oxygen tension in sick, newborn babies. Using an indwelling umbilical arterial oxygen electrode as sensor, the equipment successfully regulated the administration of oxygen to 12 newborn babies with respiratory distress syndrome, significantly improving the stability of arterial oxygen tension and lessening the duration of episodes of hypoxia and hyperoxia.

Arteries↗
PubMed2000

Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent apnea is common in preterm infants, particularly at very early gestational ages. These episodes of loss of effective breathing can lead to hypoxemia and bradycardia, which may be severe enough to require resuscitation including use of positive pressure ventilation or other treatments. Physical stimulation is often used to restart breathing and it is possible that repeated stimulation, such as with an oscillating mattress (kinesthetic stimulation), might prevent apnea and its consequences. OBJECTIVES: In preterm infants at risk for apnea, does prophylactic use of kinesthetic stimulation lead to a clinically important reduction in apnea and bradycardia, and use of intemittent positive preswsure ventilation (IPPV). SEARCH STRATEGY: The standard search strategy of the Neonatal Review Group was used. This included searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal trials, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal handsearching mainly in the English language. SELECTION CRITERIA: All trials in preterm infants at risk of developing clinical apnea which utilised random or quasi-random allocation to treatment with an oscillating mattress or control, were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by each author and synthesis of the data using relative risk. MAIN RESULTS: There were no differences in short term effects (apnea /bradycardia, IVH, use of IPPV, sleep/wake cycles and neurological status at discharge) or longterm effects (in one trial - growth and development to one year). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Implications for practice. Prophylactic use of kinesthetic stimulation cannot be recommended to reduce apnea/bradycardia in preterm infants. Implications for research. There are currently no clear research questions regarding prophylactic use of kinesthetic stimulation to prevent apnea in preterm infants.

Apnea↗
PubMed2001

The infant lung function model: a mechanical analogue to test infant lung function equipment.

To facilitate international multicentre studies and quality control of infant pulmonary function measurements, the European Respiratory Society-American Thoracic Society (ERS-ATS) working group for infant lung function testing aims to develop specifications for standardized infant lung function equipment and software. However, a standardized test device is also needed to test whether existing infant lung function equipment is able to meet these requirements. The authors have built a "mechanical model baby" consisting of a linear pump which can reproduce prerecorded tidal flow waveforms with a precision of 0.5% (full stroke), enabling the simulation of tidal and forced flow patterns. This linear pump can be connected to a series of copper lung volumes (range 50-300 mL) with known time constants, so that lung volumes can be reproduced with a precision of +/-1% at frequencies 10-120bpm. Five airflow resistors were built using sinter material. When assessed using flows 0-300 mL.s(-1) all resistors showed a quasilinear pressure/ flow relationship, with slopes 1.0-5.6 kPa.L(-1).s. These resistances could be reproduced with a precision of +/-2.5%. The infant lung model can also be used to assess frequency responses of infant lung function equipment, since the pump is capable of delivering low amplitude volumes up to 20 Hz in a pseudorandom noise manner. In summary, based on error estimations, this infant lung model is able to test whether or not infant lung function equipment meets the requirements suggested by the European Respiratory Society-American Thoracic Society standardization group, that is: flow measurements within +/-2.5%, volume and resistance measurements within +/-5%, frequency response: magnitude attenuation <+/-10% and phase shift <+/-3 degrees at 10 Hz.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1990

Immunization by inhalation of aerosolized measles vaccine.

The importance of effectively protecting infants against measles is substantial because of the number of lives that can be saved and the morbidity that can be prevented. (i) Infants contract measles before the recommended age of immunization. (ii) Circulating maternal antibodies render measles vaccination ineffective in many infants. These problems have led to clinical trials of immunizing infants using routes other than the usual subcutaneous one. One promising approach is the inhalation of aerosolized vaccine. This study was undertaken to try to immunize very young infants using easily accessible vaccine and ordinary equipment. Infants aged 4-6 months were selected for measles immunization by inhalation. They were clinically well, with no history of tuberculosis or asthma. From each child, 0.2 ml of blood was obtained by finger-prick. The blood was kept on ice, then centrifuged and the serum stored in a freezer at -20 degrees C. Each child was weighed and clinically assessed and his rectal temperature recorded. Using a plastic nebulizer to hold reconstituted vaccine by SCLAVO of Italy and an ordinary foot pump, the vaccine was aerosolized. One thousand TCID50 of the vaccine was administered to each child with a vinyl face mask for a period of at least 30 s, to allow him to retain 250 TCID50. The child was then clinically followed up three times a week for 4 weeks with particular reference to (i) fever, (ii) conjunctivitis, (iii) cough, and (iv) skin rash. None of the infants developed any of the above signs during the interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the interrupter technique in healthy, unsedated infants.

The interrupter technique may be used to monitor respiratory resistance and does not require active patient cooperation, but has yet to be applied in unsedated, spontaneously breathing infants. The aim of this study was to determine if the interrupter technique is feasible in spontaneously breathing infants and to investigate the influence of facemask types and analysis techniques on the interrupter resistance (Rint). Rint was measured in 14 healthy, unsedated, sleeping infants (aged 38.4 (31-56) days (mean (range)). Paired measurements were made using large volume, compliant (Mcomp) and small volume, rigid (Mrigid) facemasks. Flow and pressure were measured at the airway opening prior to- and following a brief airway occlusion (500 ms). Rint was calculated using four previously reported analysis techniques. Rint could be measured in all infants. Mcomp, independent of the analysis method significantly underestimated Rint (p<0.001). The variability and magnitude of Rint were significantly influenced by the choice of analysis method. The conclusion is that the interrupter technique is feasible in spontaneously breathing, unsedated infants. Equipment design and analysis method significantly influences interrupter resistance. Studies standardizing equipment and identifying the most appropriate analysis technique in this age group are needed.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1992

Does the "Baby Cloche" heat shield keep low birth-weight infants warm?

To determine whether the "Baby Cloche" heat shield improves temperature control in low birth-weight infants we compared serial temperatures in 11 preterm infants nursed with or without the Cloche. Mean birth weights were 1490 and 1510 gm, mean weights at time of study 1680 and 1710 gm and mean postnatal age 20 and 27 days for study and control infants respectively. Serial measurements of rectal, abdominal skin, dorsum of the foot, Cloche wall and room temperature were recorded once or twice daily for 2 to 5 days. Mean rectal temperatures increased with increasing age from 35.3 in the first week of life to 37.0 degrees C by the third week (P less than 0.001). In infants nursed under the Cloche who were over 2 weeks of age mean rectal, abdominal and foot temperatures were 0.5, 0.6 and 1.6 degrees C higher (P less than 0.001); in younger infants there was no significant difference in any of the temperatures. Our findings suggest that the "Baby Cloche" improves temperature control in preterm infants over 1600 gm who are more than 2 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Injury prevention counseling opportunities in pediatric otolaryngology.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of injury prevention counseling opportunities in children referred to a pediatric otolaryngologist. DESIGN: A caregiver questionnaire was administered during office registration. SETTING: Hospital-based pediatric otolaryngology practice in a metropolitan area. PATIENTS: Random sample of 300 caregiver questionnaires stratified by the age of the child. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevention counseling opportunities, defined as ignorance of hottest water temperature, child exposure to passive smoke, missing smoke detectors on one or more floors in the home, or failure to use a seat belt or bicycle helmet. RESULTS: The hottest water temperature was unknown by 72% of the caregivers, smokers were present in 25% of the households, bicycle helmets were not used by 22% of the children, car seats or seat belts were not used by 11% of the children, and 10% of the homes did not have a working smoke alarm on each floor. Older children were significantly less likely to use a seat belt than were younger children. Although 98% of the caregivers had a regular pediatrician, 91% of the families still offered one or more counseling opportunities (95% confidence interval, 87% to 94%). CONCLUSIONS: Substantial opportunities exist for injury prevention counseling in pediatric otolaryngology. At least one opportunity for counseling is present for about 90% of the families, most often concerning the maximum safe hot water temperature.

Bicycling↗
PubMed2003

Effects and costs of requiring child-restraint systems for young children traveling on commercial airplanes.

CONTEXT: The US Federal Aviation Administration is planning a new regulation requiring children younger than 2 years to ride in approved child-restraint seats on airplanes. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the annual number of child air crash deaths that might be prevented by the proposed regulation, the threshold proportion of families switching from air to car travel above which the risks of the policy would exceed its benefits, and the cost per death prevented. DESIGN: Risk and economic analyses. RESULTS: Child-restraint seat use could prevent about 0.4 child air crash deaths per year in the United States. Increased deaths as a result of car travel could exceed deaths prevented by restraint seat use if the proportion of families switching from air to car travel exceeded about 5% to 10%. The estimate for this proportion varied with assumptions about trip distance, driver characteristics, and the effectiveness of child-restraint seats but is unlikely to exceed 15%. Assuming no increase in car travel, for each dollar increase in the cost of implementing the regulation per round trip per family, the cost per death prevented would increase by about $6.4 million. CONCLUSIONS: Unless space for young children in restraint seats can be provided at low cost to families, with little or no diversion to automobile travel, a policy requiring restraint seat use could cause a net increase in deaths. Even excluding this possibility, the cost of the proposed policy per death prevented is high.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2004

Use of safe cribs and bedroom size among African American infants with a high rate of bed sharing.

BACKGROUND: Impoverishment and crowding are associated with an increased risk of sudden unexpected death among infants. Bed sharing likely increases this risk, particularly among African American infants. OBJECTIVES: To compare the sleep environment of African American infants who bed share with that of infants who do not share sleep surfaces and to compare access to a safe crib, and the space available for it, in the sleeping rooms of both groups of infants. METHODS: Home visits were made at approximately age 2 weeks to the homes of serially enrolled African American infants born between July 15, 2001, and November 1, 2001. Questionnaires were used to survey sleep practices, especially sleep surface used. The area of the floor space of rooms used for sleeping was calculated. A portable crib was provided for infants lacking access to safe sleep surfaces. RESULTS: Of these infants, 42 (41%) usually bed shared and 60 (59%) slept alone. The areas of the floor spaces were similar (mean +/- SD, 13.8 +/- 3.3 m(2) for bed sharers vs 12.7 +/- 3.7 m(2) for those who slept alone; 95% CI for difference, -0.34 to 2.51 m(2)). Infants sleeping alone were much more likely to have access to a safe crib (51 of 60 vs 13 of 42; P<.001), and 53 cribs were provided. Follow-up telephone calls made at approximately age 7 months to 43.4% of recipients suggested that the cribs were used on most nights, were durable, and were enthusiastically received. CONCLUSIONS: Crowding is not a strong explanation for bed sharing among impoverished African American infants in St Louis, Mo, who often bed share because there is not a safe crib available. Providing safe cribs may reduce the prevalence of bed sharing.

Black or African American↗