[Coombs' test. Indication value, conduction and conclusions for practice].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Anemia, Hemolytic↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Laboratory Procedures--indications”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Functional alterations in dopamine systems assessed using drug discrimination procedures.
Numerous studies have suggested that Pb-induced perturbations of dopamine (DA) systems and DA functions could underlie the behavioral impairments attributed to Pb exposure. However, the precise nature of the effects of Pb on DA systems, either at the receptor/biochemical level or at the behavioral level have never been precisely delineated, much less interrelated. Substantial advances in the understanding of DA neuropharmacology provide new opportunities to more precisely elaborate Pb-induced changes in DA systems and DA function. Recently completed studies from our laboratories using drug discrimination procedures indicate that low-level postweaning Pb exposure produces a functional DA supersensitivity manifest at both the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes. Postnatal Pb exposure likewise induces functional DA supersensitivity, although this effect appeared to be restricted to the D2 receptor subtype. In conjunction with the drug discrimination studies, standard homogenate receptor binding assays of D1 and D2 receptors carried out in 5 different brain regions (striatum, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, midbrain and cerebellum) suggested a correspondence between D2 DA behavioral supersensitivity and Bmax changes found in nucleus accumbens, suggesting it as a possible site for Pb-induced supersensitivity to DA agonist stimulus properties. Collectively, the nature of the changes in DA sensitivity in the drug discrimination studies and the changes in D1 and D2 receptor number raise the possibility that Pb could, in part, produce a net functional autoreceptor agonism.
Animals↗
Imaging lung cancer by scintigraphy with Indium 111-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of the anticarcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody FO23C5.
BACKGROUND: Anticarcinoembryonic (CEA) monoclonal antibodies are able to react specifically with the antigen and have the potential for the detection of CEA-bearing tumors. METHODS: The authors photoscanned with indium 111 (111In)-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of the murine CEA monoclonal antibody FO23C5 63 patients with a newly diagnosed and pathologically documented bronchogenic carcinoma. Planar dual views of the thorax, abdomen, and brain were acquired between the 24th and 144th hour after the radiotracer injection. Patients had a complete pretreatment workup, which included a routine multiorgan computed tomography (CT) scan, and the determination of the serum and tissue CEA concentration. All patients were followed up clinically and radiologically. Nineteen needle aspirations and biopsies, 23 surgical explorations, and 4 mediastinoscopic studies yielded 121 pathologically documented sites of reference. RESULTS: Fifty-seven of 63 scans were positive for the primary tumor (sensitivity, 0.90). The uptake of the radiotracer correlated significantly with the intensity of tissue CEA expression (Spearman R [Rs], 0.25; P less than 0.05), but not with the serum CEA level or with the histotype. Overall, the sensitivity of the anti-CEA immunoscintigraphy (IS) for the N1, N2, N3, T3, T4, and M1 disease (1987 International Union Against Cancer [UICC] staging classification) was 0.67, 0.64, 0.62, 0.31, 0.29, and 0.86, respectively. Corresponding values of specificity were 0.67, 0.81, 0.90, 1, 1, and 0.93; accuracy values were 0.67, 0.71, 0.85, 0.71, 0.76, and 0.92. The authors limited the analysis to all of the pathologically documented sites and obtained slightly superior values but no meaningful differences. The stage derived from IS readings was correct in 33 patients. The same figure was obtained after an initial clinical workup, which included physical examination, laboratory routine tests, chest radiographs, bronchoscopy, and any diagnostic procedure indicated by those tests. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-CEA FO23C5-F(ab')2 fragments are not yet "magic bullets" for perfect diagnoses; however, their staging potential seems to be remarkable. Technical improvements, single-photo emission CT, and the use of such fragments in combination with other imaging techniques might enable researchers to further improve the current results.
Adult↗
Comparison of sex steroid receptor determinations in human breast cancer by enzyme immunoassay and radioligand binding.
Most investigators comparing ligand-binding procedures for quantifying estrogen and progestin receptors in human breast cancer with procedures employing monoclonal antibody-based methods have utilized an inappropriate variety of reaction conditions, including the elimination of sodium molybdate in the steroid-binding assays. We studied 197 biopsies of human breast cancer, comparing the results of simultaneous measurements of both estrogen and progestin receptors in identical cytosols by enzyme immunoassay and by radioligand binding using the commercially available kits developed by Abbott Laboratories and by DuPont/NEN Products, respectively. Regression analyses comparing the results from the two procedures indicated a linear relationship, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.93 for both types of receptors over a wide range of data. Using the widely established cutoff value of 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein for the ligand-binding method, and calculating sensitivity and specificity limits according to McNeil et al. (1975), an equivalent cutoff value of 15 fmol/mg of cytosol protein was determined for the enzyme immunoassay of these receptors. Endocrine status of the patient did not appear to alter the cutoff values of either estrogen or progestin receptors when determined by enzyme immunoassay. We recommend that these cutoff values be considered until the results of clinical correlations are completed.
Breast Neoplasms↗
What determines the choice of treatment in patients with supraventricular tachycardia?
I have outlined the approach to therapy of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias practiced by a cardiologist who is not performing special studies in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory. This review includes the list of common and rare supraventricular arrhythmias, application of diagnostic noninvasive procedures, indications for referral for special electrophysiologic studies, and brief description of drugs and procedures used in the therapy of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. In addition to general guidelines for treatment of these arrhythmias, I have outlined specific recommendations for patients with acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure, obstructive cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroidism, AV accessory pathways, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, concomitant ventricular arrhythmias, tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, and anxiety.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Carbohydrate moieties on sperm surface: physiological relevance.
OBJECTIVES: To study the cross-reactions between mouse monoclonal antisperm antibodies and somatic cells or bacteria, to identify the antigenic determinants responsible for such cross-reactions, and to correlate between the antibody function and determinant recognition. DESIGN: Activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were characterized by immunosorbent assay of RIA technique; sperm epitopic characterization was performed in lectin-blocking and sugar competitive assays and correlated with functional assays. SETTING: Procedures were performed in a university laboratory. RESULTS: The extensive cross-reactivity between antigenic determinants of sperm, erythrocytes, and bacteria (but not bacterial deglycosylated lipopolysaccharides) was observed. The analytic procedures indicated predominant mAb reactions to carbohydrates such as fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. Approximately half of the 30 tested mAbs interfered in the functional assays, that is, sperm agglutination, immobilization, and zona-free penetration. CONCLUSIONS: Sperm carbohydrates seem to induce antibody reactions to common antigenic determinant(s) present on gametes, somatic cells, and infectious agents. Thus molecular mimicry between bacteria and sperm can be a major factor inducing antisperm immunological reactions. Obtained antisperm mAbs, reacting to glycosylated epitopes, presented very strong properties in sperm agglutination and/or immobilization. This did not correlate with inhibiting properties of some antibodies in xenogeneic zona-free penetration test, that is, this assay possibly is not based on oligosaccharide mediation.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a continuous instrumental method for determination of isocyanates.
The response of a Dunlop/ICI Continuous TDI Monitor was evaluated using the NIOSH modified Marcali spectrophotometric method as the reference analytical procedure. Test atmospheres containing low concentrations of toluene diisocyanate were generated and analyzed in both a dynamic diffusion system and a closed test facility; factory analyses were also made. Agreement of simultaneous measurements in the laboratory and in the field verify that the instrument is a valid alternative to the Marcali method. Results obtained following the NIOSH recommended air sampling procedure indicate that two impingers in series are required to adequately trap airborne toluene diisocyanate.
Air Pollutants↗
Diagnosis of Leishmania using the polymerase chain reaction: a simplified procedure for field work.
Oligonucleotide primers directed to the minicircle kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania strains supported enzymatic amplification of this DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A single product of 70 basepairs was obtained from parasites belonging exclusively to the L. braziliensis complex. Direct sequencing of the amplified product confirmed its minicircle origin. Skin biopsy specimens from human patients were used directly for the PCR. A pulse incubation of such specimens with deoxyribonuclease I prior to the PCR increased the reliability of the assay. Nuclease disruption of the kinetoplast network was expected to make more copies of the minicircle accessible to amplification. Comparative results between the PCR and conventional parasitologic detection procedures indicate that the DNA detection approach presented is by far more sensitive for diagnostic purposes. Innovations in the PCR protocol are presented that adapt the diagnosis of leishmaniasis to settings with minimal equipment and that are distant from central laboratories.
Animals↗
Hypoglycemia and hepatic ischemic necrosis after small intestinal incarceration through the epiploic foramen in a horse.
A 16-year-old stallion was presented to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Physical examination and diagnostic procedures indicated a strangulating obstruction of the small intestine. At exploratory celiotomy, a strangulating incarceration of the jejunum through the epiploic foramen was found. The incarcerated small intestine was reduced, then resection of the nonviable bowel and anastomosis performed. After surgery, the horse exhibited clinical signs and laboratory findings associated with hypoglycemia and died in spite of emergency treatment. On post-mortem examination, a large thrombus was present in the portal vein at the level of the epiploic foramen and the liver had multiple large infarcted areas. The post-operative signs of hypoglycemia and necropsy findings of widespread hepatic ischemic necrosis are complications of epiploic foramen incarceration of the small intestine not previously reported and may in part explain the high mortality rate described for this lesion.
Abdominal Pain↗
Relationship between sleep inertia and sleepiness: cumulative effects of four nights of sleep disruption/restriction on performance following abrupt nocturnal awakenings.
Performance deficits are usually evident following both extended wakefulness (sleep deprivation effects) and immediately upon awakening from sleep (sleep inertia effects). In order to determine whether sleep inertia effects are qualitatively different from sleep deprivation effects, performance on addition tests, Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) ratings, and return-to-sleep latencies (RSLs) were assessed during four nights of sleep disruption/restriction. Eight subjects were polygraphically monitored in the sleep laboratory for five consecutive nights, from 2400 to 0700. On the last four nights (after an adaptation night) subjects were awakened at 0040, 0140, 0240, 0340, 0440, and 0540 for a 20-min test session. Sleepiness ratings and performance on 5-min addition tests were measured at 1.5, 7.5, and 13.5 min post-awakening, and RSL was measured at the end of each test session. Analysis of addition test performance across nights revealed that both speed and accuracy of calculations were adversely affected by the sleep disruption/restriction procedure, indicating that increasing sleepiness exacerbates sleep performance deficits upon awakening. Although divergence of SSS ratings and addition test performance across nights was suggestive, there was no conclusive evidence that sleep inertia is qualitatively different from "typical" sleepiness.
Adolescent↗
Pre- and postoperative uses of CEA.
CEA plasma levels obtained prior to definitive surgery in patients with colorectal cancer in our hands have predictive ability. An elevated CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml recorded by our laboratory means an increased risk of subsequent local recurrence or of later metastatic disease. The question as to whether or not this is additive as a prognostic variable when tested against careful histopathological staging remains. As a monitor, CEA will detect recurrence. Again, the problem as to how accurate this is remains. If we use two consecutive elevations of plasma CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml as a criteria, we encounter about 15% false positives which must be weighed against finding disease significantly earlier in about one-third of the patients followed. Our data for second-look procedures indicate clearly that when used in patients with an elevated CEA laparotomy may be useful and further studies showed the presence of disease in 11 of 14 patients with an elevation following surgery for two consecutive tests were greater than 2.5 ng/ml. Two were operable. The significance of these findings is described.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
Comparison of three assay procedures for gentamicin determination.
We examined 50 serum samples, submitted to our laboratory for gentamicin levels, by the enzyme multiplied immuno technique (EMIT), by a radioimmunoassay procedure and by a latex agglutination method. Significant differences in concentrations, rates of throughput, and costs between the latex agglutination and the other two procedures were observed. The precision of the assay ranged from 5.21 to 15.70%, whereas recovery values ranged from 83.8 to 110.0%. The latex agglutination procedure provided simplicity and speed at a relatively low cost. However, the significant analytical difference between this and the other two procedures indicates that the latex agglutination procedure is not adequate for measuring accurate gentamicin levels.
Costs and Cost Analysis↗
Anatomy of a defective barrier: sequential glove leak detection in a surgical and dental environment.
OBJECTIVES: a) To determine the frequency of perforations in latex surgical gloves before, during, and after surgical and dental procedures; b) to evaluate the topographical distribution of perforations in latex surgical gloves after surgical and dental procedures; and c) to validate methods of testing for latex surgical glove patency. DESIGN: Multitrial tests under in vitro conditions and a prospective sequential patient study using consecutive testing. SETTING: An outpatient dental clinic at a university dental school, the operating suite in a medical school affiliated with the Veteran's Hospital, and a biomechanics laboratory. PERSONNEL: Surgeons, scrub nurses, and dental technicians participating in 50 surgical and 50 dental procedures. METHODS: We collected 679 latex surgical gloves after surgical procedures and tested them for patency by using a water pressure test. We also employed an electronic glove leak detector before donning, after sequential time intervals, and upon termination of 47 surgical (sequential surgical), 50 dental (sequential dental), and in three orthopedic cases where double gloving was used. The electronic glove leak detector was validated by using electronic point-by-point surface probing, fluorescein dye diffusion, as well as detecting glove punctures made with a 27-gauge needle. RESULTS: The random study indicated a leak rate of 33.0% (224 out of 679) in latex surgical gloves; the sequential surgical study demonstrated patency in 203 out of 347 gloves (58.5%); the sequential dental study showed 34 leaks in the 106 gloves used (32.1%); and with double gloving, the leak rate decreased to 25.0% (13 of 52 gloves tested). While the allowable FDA defect rate for unused latex surgical gloves is 1.5%, we noted defect rates in unused gloves of 5.5% in the sequential surgical, 1.9% in the sequential dental, and 4.0% in our electronic glove leak detector validating study. In the sequential surgical study, 52% of the leaks had occurred by 75 mins, and in the sequential dental study, 75% of the leaks developed by 30 mins. In terms of the anatomical localization, the thumb and forefinger accounted for more than 60% of the defects. There were no differences in the frequency of glove leaks between the left and right hand. Leak rates were highest for the surgeon (52%), followed by the first assistant (29%) and the scrub nurse (25%). No false negatives were noted using the electronic glove leak detector; one false positive was seen out of 225 gloves tested (0.44%), as noted in our validation studies. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly high glove leak rates were noted after surgical and dental procedures, indicating that the present day latex surgical gloves can become an incompetent barrier once they are used. Unused latex surgical gloves demonstrated a higher rate of defects than allowed by the Food and Drug Administration standards, indicating substantial noncompliance of quality control standards by manufacturers as well as inadequate governmental oversight. Double gloving, or the use of thicker latex surgical gloves, would probably reduce the frequency of glove leaks. Latex surgical gloves should be tested for patency before use and during surgical and dental procedures.
Dentistry↗
An objective method for evaluating Angus and Hereford sperm motility.
Angus and Hereford sperm motility was evaluated by an objective spectrophotometric procedure and by a conventional subjective ranking system. Semen was collected by electroejaculation and divided so that one group contained 6 Angus samples and one group contained 12 Hereford samples. Objective procedures indicated that Angus sperm was twice motile as Hereford sperm in 2.9% sodium citrate. This objective procedure depends on the orientation of sperm in a flowing liquid and then spectrophotometrically measuring the sperm's ability to return to randomness when the flow is stopped. During preparation for freezing with liquid nitrogen, microscopic subjective ranking of sperm motility was carried out. Three conditions were studied subjectively: (I) arrival at the laboratory, (II) pre-freeze, and (III) thawed samples. No significant differences in subjective evaluation of sperm motility was found between conditions or breeds. Preliminary results indicate that this objective procedure can distinguish between the sperm motility in 2.9% sodium citrate from two breeds of cattle. Use of this objective procedure for studies relating to fertilization and artificial insemination is evident and there is no theoretical reason why the procedure can not be used with other species.
Animals↗