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PubMed2025

Manipulating seasonality by using PMSG and Kisspeptin hormones and the impact of the MTNR1A gene on reproduction efficiency in ewes.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important problems in sheep is seasonal anestrus, which limits the reproductive efficiency of the sheep. Estrous synchronization is considered the first plan for reproductive performance in sheep due to the pregnancy time is limited, and parturition as well as an increase in twining and reached good genetic characteristics. AIM: This study aimed to manipulate seasonality that limits fertility in ewes by induction estrus during seasonal anestrous in sheep by using Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG), Kisspeptin hormone, and study the impact of MTNR1A gene on reproduction efficiency in ewes. METHODS: This study examined 36 Awassi ewes divided into two groups, each containing 18 ewes, 2-3 years old, and two fertile rams aged 3-4 years and weighing 60-65 kg. All non-pregnant ewes were synchronized using vaginal sponges (60 mg Medroxy Progesterone acetate) for 10 days. The injection of treatment when sponges are draws. The first group (G1) received 500 IU of PMSG injection, and the second group (G2) injection a Kisspeptin hormone 5 &#x3bc;g/kg B.W. RESULTS: The results showed the G1 treated by PMSG 500IU were higher significantly (p &#x2264; 0.05) of estrus response, induction estrus and pregnancy (89%, 89%, and 89%), respectively, comparative with G2 treated by (Kisspeptin 5 mg/kg) were (72%, 72%, and 66%), respectively, and non-significant changes in estrus were observed in all groups. The average peripheral progesterone concentration significantly increased from day 0 to 5th month in G1 comparative with G2 in pregnant ewes. Serum progesterone levels were significantly p < 0.05 during of 4th month in G1 treatment by (PMSG 500IU) compared with day 0 and all other months during pregnancy of ewes. The average days to lambing in genotypes CT and TT (150 &#xb1; 2.5 and 152 &#xb1; 3.5 days), respectively, were significant comparative with CC genotype; however, the litter size and lambing rate observed in the enrolled ewes were non-significant in all genotypes. CC, CT, and TT represent three possible genotypes at a specific location (locus) in the genome, often referring to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). These genotypes indicate the combination of alleles an individual inherits from their parents for a particular gene. They refer to the presence of two alleles for a particular nitrogenous base: C and T are nitrogenous bases: C = Cytosine and T = Thymine. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the application of PMSG and Kisspeptin was effective in achievement good higher significantly of reproduction efficiency in this study. The genotypes CT and TT of the MTNR1A gene polymorphism were connected with a short significant of days to lambing in genotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Actions of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin in the immature female rat: correlative changes in blood steroids, gonadotropins, and cytoplasmic estradiol receptors of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

Several blood steroids, serum gonadotropins and cytosol estradiol receptors of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus were quantified in immature female rats which were induced to ovulate with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Studies revealed that serum levels of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, androstenedione and estradiol were initially elevated at 6 PM (day 30) after administration of 8 IU of PMSG at 10 AM day 30. Serum levels of estradiol and testosterone rose progressively from day 30 through the AM of day 32. A further increase in serum concentrations of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone occurred on the PM of day 32 whereas serum estradiol levels declined. Serum levels of all steroids declined on the day of estrus (33) and only progesterone levels were further elevated on day 34 (diestrus). Dihydrotestosterone concentrations were minimally altered by PMSG treatment. Saline administration resulted in no significant alterations in levels of any steroid quantified from day 29 to 34 in control animals. A progressive decline in cytosol estradiol receptor content of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus was documented following PMSG treatment of intact female rats; there was no depletion of receptors following PMSG administration to ovariectomized immature rats. Maximal depletion of cytosol estradiol receptors occurred on day 32 with replenishment of cytosol estradiol receptor levels on estrus (day 33). The preovulatory gonadotropin surge was found to occur on the PM of day 32 after maximal receptor depletion. The cycle of depletion and replenishment of receptors was repeated during a second spontaneous estrous cycle four days later which coincided with a rise and fall in serum estradiol levels. It is suggested that the depletion of cytosol estradiol receptors of the anterior pituitary/hypothalamic unit may be causally related to the preovulatory gonadotropin surge resulting from PMSG administration to immature female rats. In addition, changes in blood steroids and gonadotropins after PMSG treatment are similar to those reported for proestrus-estrus-diestrus I of the normal adult estrous cycle. These findings further demonstrate the validity of the PMSG-primed immature female rat preparation as a model for the estrous cycle of the adult rat.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1976

Studies on oxidative phosphorylation and steroidogenesis by ovarian mitochondria after gonadotropic stimulation.

No differences in oxidative phosphorylation or in the per cent of [4-14C]progesterone were found in ovarian mitochondria of immature rats after treatment with 20 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) iv 30 min before killing. However, treatment of immature rats with 20 IU of PMSG sc 54 h prior to killing decreased the ADP:O ratio and increased the per cent of [4-14C]cholesterol conversion. Electron microscopic studies showed that mitochondria with lamellar cristae were prominent in ovaries of untreated rats, while large pleomorphic mitochondria and mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae dominated in ovaries of PMSG-treated rats. Ovarian homogenates separated by zonal centrifugation showed three peaks od cytochrome oxidase activity which shifted to the heavier end of the gradient after PMSG treatment. These studies suggest that PMSG treatment influences ovarian mitochondria, possibly by stimulating the synthesis of additional functional components and/or the biogenesis of new mitochondria. Aminoglutethimide addition to bovine luteal mitochondria decreased steroidogenesis by 60% when succinate was used as substrate. However, there was a 16% increase in the ADP:O ratio, apparently due to a decrease in oxygen utilization. When oligomycin was added to luteal mitochondria, there was a 30% decrease in the ACP:O ratio but a 300% increase in [4-14C]cholesterol conversion. Dinitrophenol also decreased mitochondrial steroidogenesis. These results suggest that energy obtained from succinate oxidation can be diverted from phosphorylation to support steroidogenesis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Initiation of precocious sexual maturation in the immature rat treated with dehydroepiandrosterone.

Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) to immature female rats on day 27 for 3 days resulted in an increase in uterine weight within 6 h of injection and a surge of FSH, LH and prolactin occurred on day 30 resulting in premature ovulation. Increase in ovarian weight and vaginal patency also occurred on day 30. Ovulations occurred at various times on day 30 and some as late as day 33 and these could be synchronized by the administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). The gonadotropin surge resulting in ovulation could be blocked by central nervous system blocking agents like phenobarbital and reserpine. The action of DHA in inducing precocious ovulation appeared to be mediated through conversion to estrogens because DHA and testosterone both of which can be aromatized to estrogens at appropriate dose elvels caused potentiation of the effect of PMSG on the secretion of gonadotropins. They also induced vaginal patency in the castrated immature rat. Dihydrotestosterone, an androgen not aromatized to estrogens did not induce precocious ovulation, vaginal patency or potentiation of the effect of PMSG in the release of gonadotropins. Furthermore, cyanoketone an inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and thus the conversion of DHA to estrogens, prevented vaginal patency and DHA-induced precocious ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on ovarian hypertrophy in the rat.

Aspirin and indomethacin, inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, were utilized to determine the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in ovarian weight gain in rats following unilateral ovariectomy or treatment with PMSG. After unilateral ovariectomy, the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy was 185-0% compared with 139-8% and 97-5% in rats treated with indomethacin and aspirin, respectively. The adrenal weights in rats treated with aspirin were also reduced significantly. Administration of PGE2 or PGF2alpha with aspirin reversed the effect of aspirin on the adrenals but had no effect on the ovarian weight. Indomethacin and aspirin treatment of animals injected with PMSG also reduced the ovarian weight gain. If 100 mug PGE2 were given twice daily, this effect was reversed in both groups but thrice daily administration had no effect on rats receiving aspirin. In PMSG-treated rats, 100 mug PGF2alpha twice daily did not reverse the effect of indomethacin and aspirin, and actually enhanced the effect of aspirin.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1977

Sequential changes associated with the degeneration of preovulatory rat follicles.

In 26-day-old rats, follicles capable of ovulation were present 48 h after PMSG injection and they degenerated if not exposed to an ovulating dose of HCG. In such follicles 125I-labelled LH bound to the thecal and granulosa cells. By 60 h after PMSG, LH binding to the granulosa cells was reduced by 46% although these follicles retained their ability to ovulate. LH binding to the granulosa cells was lost in most follicles by 72 h and ovulation could not be induced. The thecal cells still possessed LH binding sites at 72 h after PMSG. HCG stimulation of these follicles resulted in disruption of the granulosa and the invasion of blood cells into the antrum.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1976

Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin: ratio of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone activities measured by radioreceptor assay.

Specific radioreceptor assays for FSH and LH, which employ tissue receptors from rat testis and highly purified human FSH (LER 1575-C) and LH (Hartree IRC-2, 24/6/69) as standards, have been developed to determine the FSH-like and LH-like activities in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Measurements of FSH and LH concentrations in the serum of six pregnant Pony mares showed that the ratio of these two activities did not vary significantly between mares and remained constant between days 40 and 80 of gestation with a value of 1-45 +/- 0-04 (S.E.M.). The FSH:LH ratio of PMSG produced by cultured equine trophoblast cells was found to be 0-72 +/- 0-03 (S.E.M.) and that of partially purified serum extracts of PMSG 1-08 (range 0-87-1-30).

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Physician-Modified Fenestrated Stent-Grafts Planned Using Three-Dimensional Techniques for Complex Aortic Pathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Complex aortic pathology involving the visceral arteries remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Open repair is associated with considerable perioperative risk, particularly in patients with multiple comorbidities, while standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is often not feasible because of inadequate proximal sealing zones. Fenestrated and branched endovascular repair (F/BEVAR) represents an established treatment strategy; however, the use of custom-made devices is limited by manufacturing time and availability. Physician-modified stent grafts (PMSGs) have therefore emerged as a pragmatic alternative. Three-dimensional planning techniques have been increasingly used to facilitate accurate graft modification. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PMSG procedures planned with three-dimensional techniques. Technical success, target vessel patency, early mortality, endoleak occurrence, and reintervention rates were analyzed. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases. Studies describing the use of physician-modified fenestrated stent grafts planned with three-dimensional tools were included. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. A logit transformation was used for the analysis of proportions. RESULTS: The analysis included five studies involving 172 patients. The estimated weighted mean follow-up duration was 14.9 months. The overall technical success rate was 92.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84.5-96.9%), with low-to-moderate heterogeneity. Target vessel patency was 96.9% (95% CI: 93.6-98.5%). Early mortality was 5.5% (95% CI: 2.1-13.3%). The incidence of endoleaks was 13.3% (95% CI: 5.8-27.4%), with significant heterogeneity among studies. Reinterventions were reported in 6.6% of patients (95% CI: 2.3-17.5%). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that PMSG procedures planned with three-dimensional techniques are associated with a high rate of technical success and preserved patency of target vessels in patients with complex aortic pathology. The observed variability in endoleak and reintervention rates likely reflects differences in anatomical complexity and patient selection among studies. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm long-term outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

A stimulatory effect of the fluid from preimplantation rabbit blastocysts upon luteinization of monkey granulosa cell cultures.

Blastocyst fluid was aspirated from Day 6 1/2--7 rabbit blastocysts and was added to cultures of granulosa cells obtained from preovulatory follicles of untreated rhesus monkeys or from follicles of monkeys or from follicles of monkeys treated with PMSG. The stimulation of progesterone secretion was measured and equated with that produced by hCG. The hCG-like activity was also measured in a radioreceptor assay using 125I-labelled hCG and porcine granulosa cells. In 8 out of 10 experiments with cultured cells from untreated monkeys, addition of 20% blastocyst fluid from Days 6--9 of culture stimulated progesterone secretion by 2- to 6-fold. Similar findings were obtained in 5 experiments with cultures from PMSG-treated monkeys except that the blastocyst fluid was added from Days 0 to 6 of culture. The granulosa cells in such cultures underwent morphological luteinization. Compared to a standard of purified hCG the blastocyst fluid contained about 0.76--2.5 ng hCG-like activity/ml which was non-dialysable. The radioreceptor assay indicated the presence of 0.5--2.5 ng hCG-like material/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Characterization by different techniques of adrenocorticotropin and gonadotropin producing cells in lerot pituitary (Eliomys quercinus).

Adrenocorticotropin and gonadotropin producing cells were localized in the adenohypothysis of normal Lerots by using anti-beta 1-24 ACTH, anti-LH, anti-LH beta, anti-PMSG antisera. In order to study their fine structure two techniques were employed: a superimposition technique which consists of detailed comparisons between the same cells in light, fluorescence and electron microscopic preparations and an immunocytochemical technique on ultra-thin sections using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex technique. The superimposistion technique allows an excellent description of cell ultrastructure of individually identified cells of each type. With this method we were able to describe the corticotropin secreting cells as lucent cells with electron dense granules ranging in size from 2500 to 3500 A. The gonodotropin secreting cells are darker and their granules are about 2000 A in diameter.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1975

Estradiol receptor content in rat granulosa cells during follicular development: modification by estradiol and gonadotropins.

To examine the relationships between gonadotropic hormones, ovarian follicular development, and estradiol receptor content in rat granulosa cells, follicular growth was stimulated in intact immature rats and hypophysectomized immature rats. In intact rats, both PMSG and oFSH given for 2 days stimulated follicular growth and endogenous estrogen production but caused estradiol receptor content in granulosa cells to decrease markedly. In hypophysectomized rats estradiol (2 mg/day X 4) was capable of increasing the content of its own receptor, stimulated preantral follicular development, and potentiated the responses of granulosa cells to highly purified hFSH. Thus, subsequent treatment with hFSH stimulated antral formation and maintained high levels of estradiol receptor content in granulosa cells. LH, on the other hand, caused a rapid decline in the content of estradiol receptor in nuclei of granulosa cells. In hypophysectomized rats primed with estradiol alone, a high dose of oLH caused follicles to undergo atresia. In hypophysectomized rats primed with hFSH in addition to estradiol, oLH stimulated luteinization. Thus, induction of atresia or luteinization by oLH in these rats appears to be associated (cause or effect?) with a loss of estradiol receptor in granulosa cells. Whether follicles of estrogen-treated, hypophysectomized rats luteinize or undergo atresia in response to LH appears to be determined by their stage of differentiation and the nature of the prior stimulation by FSH.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Distribution of delta-5 -3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the Graafian follicle of the sheep.

The localization of delta-5 -3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) has been examined in ovarian follicles in vivo and in vitro, and related to oestrogen and progesterone production. In vivo, during the oestrous cycle, enzyme activity was restricted to the theca interna of the one or two most advanced follicles in each animal, but was present only between Day 2 and 5 and between Day 13 and ovulation. High levels of oestrogen were found in the ovarian venous blood only when follicles containing 3 beta-HSD were present. When sheep were injected with PMSG, the theca interna in a number ofsmall follicles acquired 3 beta-HSD activity and began to secrete oestrogen within 12 hr of the injection. The enzyme was not detected in the membrana granulosa of any follicles before ovulation but within a few hours of ovulation, 3 beta-HSD activity was present in the granulosa lutein cells. In vitro, large activated follicles exhibited 3 beta-HSD activity in the theca interna and secreted high levels of oestrogen into the culture medium. When LH was added to the medium oestrogen secretion was inhibited; within 48 hr, the follicles were secreting high levels of progesterone, and 3 beta-HSD activity was present in both the membrana granulosa and the theca interna. Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate mimicked the effect of LH in suppressing oestrogen secretiion, but did not induce production of progesterone; the distribution of 3 beta-HSD activity infollicles treated with this nucleotide was the same as in those cultured in control medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Follicular growth: the basic event in the mouse and human ovary.

Follicular growth is described as a continuum. It goes on at all times, at all ages, uninterrupted by pregnancy or other periods of non-ovulation. A distinction is made between the continuum at the beginning of follicular growth and events concerning the cyclicity at the end of follicular growth, i.e. ovulation. Follicles grow sequentially. Also large follicles continue to grow until they become atretic or ovulate. No evidence for a pool of large follicles held in reserve could be found. Examination of the effect of PMSG on the growth of large follicles showed that this hormone provented the degeneration of large follicles, thus allowing more follicles to grow further. As in the mouse, follicular growth occurs during human infancy and is the normal event during childhood. Ovaries without signs of follicular growth are uncommin in the child and are apparently connected with certain systemic diseases.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Binding of human chorionic gonadotropin by rat ovarian slices: dependence on the functional state of the ovary (38571).

Ovarian receptors specific for hCG-LH can be induced by PMSG-ovine LH priming. The marked increase in binding activity was accompanied by a rise in ovarian progesterone concentration and preceded by ovarian weight increase. The high binding activity of heavily luteinized ovaries was followed by a decline to prepriming levels during luteolysis. The ovarian progesterone content was decreased simultaneously and no change in ovarian weight was evident. The data demonstrate that ovarian hCG binding activity undergoes variation which depends on the functional state of ovaries.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Gonadostatin and gonadocrinin, polypeptides of ovarian origin with hypophysiotropic activity].

Crude acetic acid extract of Rat ovaries pretreated with pregnant mare serum (PMSG) contains native peptides with two types of separable biological activities: one, molecular weight greater than 10,000 dalton inhibits the secretion of both LH and FSH as stimulated by luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in a pituitary monolayer culture system and is referred to as gonadostatin; the other, less than 3,500 dalton, stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins and is designated as gonadocrinin. The biological activities of ovarian gonadocrinin can be competitively inhibited by an LRF-analog-antagonist, D-Phe2, D-Trp6-LRF. These ovarian peptides may participate in physiological control of pituitary LH/FSH secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Meiogenic function of follicular fluid. Gonadotropins and labeling with Na2 35SO4 in follicular cells and ovocytes in immature mice].

The injection in immature mouse of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) with Na2 35SO4 in a strict equilibrium allowed us to show the concentration of 35S in the follicular fluid (meiogenic function) and around maturating oocytes (meiosis). This result allow new cytological progress in the field of vertebrates oogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of LH-RH, gonadotrophins or sex hormone treatment on RNA and DNA concentration in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus in the immature female rat.

RNA and DNA concentration was measured in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus of immature female rats after treatment with 5 doses of LH-RH, PMSG, HCG, FSH + LH, estradiol benzoate or progesterone. All assayed hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased the [RNA]/[DNA] ratio in their target organs. These findings were interpreted as increases in cell volume and RNA synthesis in target organs after treatment. Gonadotrophins and sex hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased RNA synthesis in hypothalamus and pituitary, which revealed the stimulatory effect of both hormonal groups on the above mentioned organs.

Animals↗