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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Risk assessment from bitewing radiography.

The effective dose equivalent and the effective dose from bitewing radiography have been estimated for three different X-ray sets under 10 different exposure conditions using the ICRP 26 (1977) and the ICRP 60 (1990) recommendations. The results of dose measurements in the head and neck with an Alderson Rando phantom and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100 ribbons) were used (Velders XL et al. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991; 20: 161-5). The effective dose equivalent (ICRP 26) was calculated using the salivary glands and brain as remainder organs. The highest effective dose equivalent was 11 microSv for the Philips Oralix 50 unit with a round, pointed cone; the lowest was 2 microSv for the X-ray sets with a rectangular open-ended tube. The highest effective dose using the ICRP 60 weighting factors was 4 microSv for the Oralix 50, the lowest 1 microSv for the X-ray sets with a rectangular open-ended tube. The probability of stochastic effects was calculated as at the most 0.18 x 10(-6) using a nominal probability coefficient of 165 x 10(-4) Sv-1 (ICRP 26); when using the ICRP 60 recommendations (where the nominal probability coefficient for stochastic effects including non-fatal cancer is 730 x 10(-4) Sv-1) the maximum probability was 0.25-0.31 x 10(-6). The maximum probability of fatal cancer induction was calculated as 0.18 x 10(-4) for both fatal probability coefficients, 125 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in ICRP 26 and 500 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in ICRP 60. The calculated probability of the total stochastic effects is nearly twice as high when using the new recommendations, whilst the estimated probability of fatal cancer induction is of the same order of magnitude with both.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1991

Absorbed dose to organs in the head and neck from bitewing radiography.

Dose measurements were carried out to estimate the absorbed dose to organs at risk from bitewing radiography under exposure conditions similar to those found in general dental practice in The Netherlands. The measurements were carried out in the head and neck of a Rando phantom using TLD-100 ribbons. Three different X-ray machines were used simulating 10 different exposure conditions to determine the effects of beam energy, beam size and focus-skin distance on the absorbed dose. The absorbed dose in the primary beam, close to the focal spot, decreased as the beam energy increased, while behind the film plane it increased with the beam energy. Outside the primary beam, at short distances from the skin surface, the absorbed dose decreased as the energy increased, while behind the film plane and at greater distances from the primary beam the absorbed dose increased as the beam energy increased. The absorbed dose was significantly lower for smaller beam sizes and for larger focus-skin distances, independent of beam energy.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1991

Scottish dentists' use of and opinions regarding bitewing radiography.

This study examined Scottish dentists' claimed use of and opinions regarding bitewing radiography. Information was obtained from a questionnaire sent to all dentists practising in Scotland in 1987 and from national statistics published in the Annual Reports of the Dental Practice Boards in the UK. The response rate to the questionnaire was 72% (926 general dental practitioners and 201 clinical community dental officers). Respondents considered radiography to be of value for the detection of approximal caries, assessment of caries progression and evaluation of alveolar periodontal support. They considered it to be of less value for a variety of other tasks, including detecting occlusal caries, unerupted teeth or calculus. One hundred and fifty-eight dentists (15% of respondents) claimed not to have taken any bitewings of their 12-year-old patients in the preceding year. Those respondents who did claim to have exposed some bitewings said that approximately one-quarter of this patient group had received the examination in the past year. The overall Health Service statistics appear to confirm that the utilization of radiography by dentists practising in Scotland is somewhat lower than that by dentists in England and Wales, a factor which requires further investigation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Some of the factors to be considered in the prescription and timing of bitewing radiography in the diagnosis and management of dental caries.

This article describes some of the factors to be considered by the practitioner when prescribing bitewing radiographs in the diagnosis and management of dental caries and draws on the literature of a number of disciplines including restorative dentistry, cariology, epidemiology and oral radiology. It seems appropriate to re-assess current practice in the light of information on changes in the disease of dental caries, its behaviour and the way this behaviour may vary in high and low caries risk groups. The diagnostic potential of the bitewing examination appears, at present, to be unrivalled, but other diagnostic methods, such as fibreoptic transillumination and tooth separation, must also be considered. Some methods to minimize radiation doses and increase diagnostic yield are discussed. Current knowledge of prescribing patterns is reviewed and areas of ignorance are mentioned as findings from future research in these areas may influence decisions about when to use and re-use bitewing radiographs.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1992

The prescription and timing of bitewing radiography in the diagnosis and management of dental caries: contemporary recommendations.

This 'personal view' makes recommendations on the use of the bitewing radiograph in the diagnosis of dental caries on the basis of published evidence about the disease and available diagnostic methods. It suggests that posterior bitewing radiographs are required for all new patients if the approximal surfaces of the teeth cannot be examined directly. At this initial visit, an assessment of the caries risk of the individual patient should be made. Subsequent radiographic recall intervals are suggested, which are determined on the basis of this risk assessment. It should be appreciated that risk status may change over time and that, in the future, an individual's radiographic recall interval may have to be changed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Comparison between panoramic and posterior bitewing radiography in the diagnosis of periodontal bone loss.

A study is reported comparing the diagnostic yield of panoramic and posterior bitewing radiographs when used to image periodontal bone disease. It is concluded that there is a high concordance between the findings from the two types of radiographs but that the concordance varies with the degree of bone loss and tooth type. Consequently when panoramic radiography is used in clinical practice, the examination should be supplemented by intraoral radiographs in regions when image quality is poor in the panoramic image and where there are structures of special interest.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The diagnosis of approximal caries--a comparison of clinical, fiber optic and x-ray diagnostic procedures (the diagnosis of approximal caries)].

A comparison of the efficiency of fibre-optic transillumination with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of proximal caries in posterior teeth was carried out on 186 subjects aged 12 to 17 years. The proportion of diagnosed proximal lesions detected by fibre-optic transillumination was two times more often than by clinical examination while the increase in lesion detection by bitewing radiography was more than threefold. Taking radiographic diagnosis as the validating criteria, the sensitivity of clinical examination was 0.30 and of fibre-optic transillumination 0.68 resp. The specificity was 0.99 for both examinations. In patients with low prevalence of proximal caries and good preventive dental care fibre-optic transillumination should be used as an additional method before using of regular radiographic diagnosing of proximal caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of simple periodontal screening technique currently used in the UK armed forces.

The need to prioritise resources for periodontal care within the UK Armed Forces has led to the development and introduction of a simple periodontal screening technique, the Periodontal Index for Treatment (PIT), based upon the clinical assessment of six teeth (all first molars and the maxillary right and mandibular left central incisors) with a specially designed periodontal probe (the PIT probe) and the use of bitewing radiography. This paper describes the evaluation of the technique. This was carried out by examining 406 subjects aged from 16 to 64 yr in four groups. All subjects received a full mouth periodontal assessment, performed by one of two periodontists with standardised bitewing radiography of their premolar and first and second molars. They were then categorised as periodontally healthy (PIT 0), with gingivitis but no pocketing exceeding 4 mm (PIT 1), with pocketing 4-5 mm (PIT 2), or with 6 mm + pocketing (PIT 3). The subjects were then examined and categorised by one of 32 General Dental Practitioners using the PIT technique upon the six test teeth and subsequently viewing the bitewing radiographs. The results of the two types of examination, with and without bitewing radiographic evidence, were tested for sensitivity and specificity to detect pocketing in excess of 4 mm and/or bone loss. The results showed that, when used without bitewings as an adjunct, the PIT technique showed a specificity of 95-100% but a low sensitivity in three groups (36%, 52% and 59%) and of 94% in the fourth group who had in fact been referred for periodontal treatment. When bitewing radiographs were used as an adjunct to periodontal probing, the PIT technique showed a specificity of 100% in each group and a sensitivity of 89-100% when screening for pockets and/or bone loss. It was concluded that, in the subjects studied, the PIT technique when used in conjunction with bitewing radiography provided simple, rapid and reliable periodontal screening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Panoramic radiography in the assessment of the marginal bone level.

The radiation dosage for the Orthopantomograph model OP5 was measured using two different sizes of collimators. The concordance between and accuracy of panoramic radiography and periapical and bitewing radiography was examined regarding assessment of the marginal bone level. The measurability of panoramic and periapical and bitewing radiographs was compared, as was the image quality of panoramic radiographs from one selected sample and two random samples. The energy imparted was 0.4-0.8 mJ for one panoramic radiograph. The use of the narrow collimator reduced the dosage by about one-third. The concordance between panoramic and intraoral radiography was high. In some anatomical regions, the concordance was as high as the intraobserver agreement for one and the same technique. The concordance was lower in sites with severe bone loss, however. Sounding was very accurate for the measurement of the marginal bone loss. Of the radiographic techniques, periapical radiography was most accurate. The observer performance for linear measurements of bone loss varied substantially and systematically among five observers. The measurability in the upper arch was the same in panoramic and periapical radiography. In the lower arch, the measurability of periapical radiography was better. The image quality of panoramic radiography influenced the measurability. The image quality of panoramic radiographs from random samples was inferior to that of the selected sample. It was concluded that, for the assessment of the marginal bone level, the panoramic radiograph should be the radiographic examination of choice, if increased image quality is achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sens-A-Ray. A new system for direct digital intraoral radiography.

A new system for direct digital intraoral radiography, Sens-A-Ray, is presented. This system is based on a detector with a charge-coupled device that was designed especially for direct exposure to x-ray radiation. The system also includes interface electronics and an IBM AT-compatible personal computer with a digital I/O with frame memory, a super VGA graphics board, a high-resolution monitor, and software for the exposure, capture, storage, and enhancement of images. An external optical mass storage device is used for permanent storage of images in digital format. A video printer may be used to create hard copies. The system produces radiographic images at a significantly lower exposure than required for E-speed intraoral film. Applications of the system are exemplified, and its basic properties are discussed.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1992

An algorithm for ordering pretreatment orthodontic radiographs.

A study was conducted to identify selection criteria for ordering pretreatment orthodontic radiographs. Thirty-nine orthodontists evaluated six test cases. They provided information on the rationale for ordering each specific radiograph and the impact of the radiograph on the diagnosis and treatment plan. Skeletal relationship of the jaws was the most common indication for a radiograph request, followed by root formation/length and molar position or development. Of the radiographs, 16% produced a change in diagnosis, and 20% produced a change in treatment plans. The criteria specified for the radiographs, their impact, and relevant information in the literature were used to develop an algorithm or set of decision rules that, when tested on the six test cases, resulted in a 36% reduction in the total number of radiographs.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1992

Preservation of probing attachment and alveolar bone levels in 2 random population samples.

The present study is an attempt to elucidate the relation between ageing and loss of periodontal tissue support, by studying the occurrence of probing attachment and alveolar bone loss in two samples of randomly selected individuals. The 1st sample was recruited in Japan and comprised 319 subjects aged 20-79 years. The 2nd sample was recruited in Sweden and comprised 192 subjects aged 30-65 years. All individuals underwent a radiographic and a comprehensive clinical examination, including recordings of probing attachment level. Within the 2 samples, subsamples of individuals whose periodontal status indicated minimal experience of destructive periodontal disease were selected. In these particular subsamples, it was revealed that a substantial proportion of tooth surfaces, also in older subjects, remained with no attachment or alveolar bone loss. To a lesser extent, this could be also observed when the entire samples were analyzed, despite the presence of abundant plaque and gingival inflammation. The results indicated that intact supporting periodontal tissues can be retained in subjects of increased age and corroborate the suggestion that loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone is not an obligatory consequence of ageing.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Agreement between panoramic and intra-oral radiography in the assessment of marginal bone height.

Panoramic and intra-oral radiographs from 400 consecutive patients were evaluated for the assessment of the marginal bone height. Two hundred panoramic radiographs were exposed with the rotational technique and 200 with the intra-oral X-ray tube technique. Measurements of the approximal marginal bone level were independently performed by two observers. Complete agreement between panoramic and intra-oral radiographs was, on average, obtained in 55% and 49% of the sites, respectively. When the criterion for agreement was widened to include recordings with a difference of +/- 1 mm, the agreement was on average 87% irrespective of the techniques compared. The agreement varied with tooth type and severity of the marginal bone loss. Angular bony defects and furcation involvements were recorded separately. For angular bony defects there was a variation in agreement from 33% to 46% for the rotational technique and from 35% to 51% for the intra-oral X-ray tube technique depending on localization. Furcation involvements of the molars were equally recorded in 60% and 59%, respectively, but in only 12% and 28% for the upper premolars. Interobserver agreement was 58% for the intra-oral radiographs, 60% and 59% for the two panoramic techniques. Mean intra-observer agreement was 68%, 66% and 68%. It is concluded that panoramic radiography can often be used for the assessment of marginal bone loss alone, supplemented when necessary by intra-oral radiographs.

Adolescent↗