The use of spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the prevention of HIV infection.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
HIV Infections↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Reproductive Control Agents--side effects”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Improved long-acting fertility regulating agents: what are the problems?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Algestone↗
A pilot study of acceptability of RU486 and ONO 802 in a Chinese population.
RU486 and ONO 802 in combination have been shown to be effective in early termination of pregnancy. Anecdotal information suggests that Chinese women have been using herbs to induce abortion, believing that such medication and means of abortion is less harmful to the body than surgery. Hence, a medical means of abortion using RU486 and ONO 802 may be the method of choice for some Chinese women. A pilot study involving 42 Chinese women in Hong Kong was conducted to explore the reasons for acceptance or refusal of RU486 and ONO 802 as abortifacient agents. It was found that more single women chose the medical method for abortion, the main reasons being fear of trauma to the body due to surgery and the feeling of having undergone menstrual regulation rather than having had an abortion with the medical method. Those who refused the treatment were worried about the efficacy and side effects of the new drugs and the long induction-abortion interval. There were 3 failures in the medical group of 23 women. All these 23 women were gland they had chosen the medical abortion method. Twenty-one out of the 23 women said they would choose the same abortion method again. The practice of the use of Chinese herbs was not more common in this group of women as compared to women who did not choose this method of abortion.
Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans.
Individuals of Spanish and Mexican descent in New Mexico have used a number of plants as emmenagogues and abortifacients. Of the plants used, cotton root bark (Gossypium sp.), inmortal ((Asclepias capricornu Woodson), poleo chino (Hedeoma oblongifolia (Gray) Heller), rue Ruta graveolens L.), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), and three species of Artemesia seem to be used most widely. Of these, the cotton root bark, when used as an abortifacient, seems to exhibit the lowest toxicity. Rue is notable because of its use independently within different cultures, but may exhibit toxic side effects when used as an abortifacient. Seven other plants are outlined on the basis of anecdotal and folkloric reports. Investigations are underway to look at use effectiveness, side effects, impact on fertility, and acceptance among cultures of the Southwestern United States.
Abortifacient Agents↗
Dynamic testing of hypothalamic-pituitary function in abnormalities of ovulation.
A review of 26 unusual patients indicates that a combined luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH)-clomiphene test in conjunction with an estrogen provocation test not only was helpful in identifying underlying pathophysiology of anovulation but also proved useful in the clinical management of the patients. Dynamic testing per se does not establish a diagnosis but, in conjunction with history and other laboratory findings, it does make possible further subdivisions of groups of patients who otherwise appear similar, both clinically and from routine laboratory evaluations. It, therefore, tends to pinpoint a lesion and establish the area in which further tests should be made. It is concluded that the value of such investigations will be more evident as gynecologic endocrinology moves into investigation of the supratentorial control of hypothalamic function and as hypothalamic LRH becomes available as a therapeutic agent.
Amenorrhea↗
Efficacy of various locally applied chemicals as contragestational agents in rats.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Administration, Topical↗
The use of a contraceptive vaginal ring governed by the pattern of individual uterine bleeding.
Contraceptive vaginal rings (CVR) releasing levonorgestrel and estradiol were used for contraceptive purposes in eight women. They were instructed to remove the CVR for five days only, in the case of bleeding. Three selected subjects were followed by plasma sampling during the first 60 days of treatment. Plasma concentrations of levonorgestrel, progesterone, estradiol and gonadotropins were determined. All subjects kept bleeding records and were controlled clinically in the course of treatment. The subjects were protected an average of 163 days by the CVR. Three subjects used the CVR 170--180 days without removing it and two subjects had to remove the CVR only once. Two subjects experienced quite regular bleedings, and metrorrhagic bleeding was present in one case. No pregnancies were observed during the follow-up period of 1304 days. Clinical examination revealed no pathological findings. The vaginal mucosa tolerated the treatment well. Out of those subjects who were followed by plasma sampling, pituitary suppression was more marked in the subject with continuous use of CVR.
Adult↗
Open prospective multicenter trial with a new monophasic contraceptive combination containing gestodene.
In a large and open prospective multicenter trial of 12,250 cycles from 2,378 women, contraceptive efficacy, clinical tolerance and acceptability of a new monophasic contraceptive combination containing 75 mcg gestodene (delta-5-levonorgestrel) and 30 mcg ethinyl oestradiol were studied. The objective was to assess efficacy, safety, side effects and cycle control of this oral contraceptive on healthy women using no other additional birth control methods. Two women became pregnant (0.016%) during the trial; both were patient failures. There was no effect on systolic or diastolic pressures. An average weight increase of 0.3 kg was noted. Cycle control was excellent with 95% of the cycles free of spotting and 98% free of breakthrough bleeding after six cycles. No serious complications occurred. There was an overall incidence of 14% reported side effects (after six cycles), indicating that the hormonal combination is well tolerated. It should be noted that 41.4% of the patients had some complaint before starting the treatment. For all complaints, a highly significant improvement was seen during the treatment.
Adolescent↗
Exogenous estrogens and breast cancer in women with natural menopause.
Age, age at menopause, and calendar year at menopause were controlled as factors related to estrogen use. Data on 90 breast cancer patients and 83 conrols--all of whom had a natural menopause--showed no relationship between breast cancer and estrogen usage after the start of menopause symptoms.
Age Factors↗
The ultrastructural response of human Leydig cells to exogenous estrogens.
The effect of long term treatment with estrogens alone or along with medroxyprogesterone acetate on the Leydig cell ultrastructure was studied in testes from males undergoing surgery for sexual reassignment. The testes were fixed for electron microscopy by a perfusion method to insure uniform preservation. The morphological features were not the same in all the treated testes. Therefore, the cells found in the intertubular region were classified into three groups: (A) Leydig cells very similar to controls; (B) Absence of typical Leydig cells, but with cells having increased microfilaments, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and some lipid droplets; (C) Absence of any cell type possessing abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but having varying amounts of microfilaments and pigmentation. It is suggested that some of the cell types found in the intertubular region are dedifferentiated Leydig cells. This study indicates that the human testis from transsexuals of reproductive age is an appropriate model to study the indirect and direct effects of estrogens on the ultrastructure of cell types found in the human testes.
Aged↗
Studies on the puberty-controlling function of the mediocortical amygdala in the immature female rat.
The puberty-controlling function of the mediocortical amygdala in immature female rats was investigated by lesioning this region at different ages and by studying the effects on the onset of spontaneous and experimentally-induced precocious puberty. At 21 days of age, bilateral lesions in the anterior mediocortical amygdala (AMCA) caused precocious puberty and enhanced the puberty-accelerating effect of bilateral lesions produced simultaneously in the medial preoptic area (MPA). Similar lesions, ineffective on day 26, delayed the onset of puberty when produced on day 32 in otherwise untreated rats. Lesions in the posterior mediocortical amygdala (PMCA) at 26 or 32 days of age postponed puberty in untreated rats and inhibited the advancement of their 1st pubertal ovulation that resulted from damage to the ventromedial-arcuate region (VAH) or daily administration of 0.05 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) per 100 g b.w. The results confirm earlier findings of different gonadotropin-controlling activities of the AMCA and PMCA in immature female rats and suggest maturational changes in the function of both areas. The gonadotropin-inhibiting action exerted by the AMCA at 3 weeks of age is lost when puberty approaches; a gonadotropin-stimulating activity seems to develop in both the AMCA and PMCA.
Age Factors↗
Active and inactive renin in pregnancy and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.
Total and active renin concentrations (TRC and ARC) were determined in pregnant women and in women on estrogen-containing oral contraceptives to study the variation of plasma renin forms in pregnancy. TRC was already elevated in the first trimester. After that TRC increased consistently reaching the maximum in the third trimester. The ratio of inactive renin concentrations (IRC) to TRC was between 20 and 30% throughout gestation. Therefore, it was supposed that the development of the placenta or the enlargement of the uterus do not affect the ratio of IRC to TRC too much. In women on oral contraceptives in whom plasma renin activity was increased due to elevation of renin substrate, the ratio of IRC to TRC was almost the same as that in normal controls. From these results, it was suggested that the development of the placenta and the enlargement of the uterus do not play an important role in the variation of plasma renin forms, although remarkable changes are observed in the renin substrate and total amounts of renin in pregnancy.
Adult↗
[Mechanism of LH release with synthetic LH-RH (author's transl)].
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of LH-RH on LH release in the baboon. Fifteen female baboons having the normal menstrual cycle were used for this study. On hundred mug of synthetic LH-RH was injected subcutaneously in both the early follicular phase and the early luteal phase. For control purposes, 1 ml of saline was injected subcutaneously in the luteal phase. Blood samples were collected by femoral vein puncture with light anesthesia under prearranged schedule and were assayed for LH-RH, LH, estrogen and progestin. The plasma level of LH-RH reached a maximum within 4 minutes after s.c. injection of 100 mug LH-RH, decreased sharply at first, and then slowly later. Fast and slow disappearance components (t1/2 = 4.7 min., 37.1 min. respectively) were observed. In the baboon given LH-RH during the luteal phase, peaks in plasma levels of LH were observed within 30 minutes and within 90 to 150 minutes after injection. A lesser pituitary response to LH-RH for LH release occurred during the follicular phase. The first peak of LH was well-correlated with the peak of plasma LH-RH but the later elevations of LH (observed within 90 to 150 minutes after LH-RH injection) were not necessarily related to the plasma level of immunoassayable LH-RH. Elevation of plasma levels of estrogen and progestin was observed wtihin 45 minutes after LH-RH injection. In saline control, the plasma level of LH was not elevated; however, plasma levels of estrogen and progestin were increased within 45 minutes after saline injection. Later elevation of plasma LH observed between 90 and 150 minutes after LH-RH injection may be due to administered LH-RH in cooperation with elevated levels of plasma estrogen and progestin. To pursue this problem, injections of estrogen and/or progesterone were performed during the early follicular phase. Injection of 600 mug of estrodiol benzoate (EB) for 3 days caused an elevation of plasma level of LH and enhanced pituitary LH responsiveness to LH-RH for LH release; however, injection of 100 mug EB for 3 days showed less effect on LH release. Injection of 10 mg of progesterone for 3 days also caused an elevation of plasma level of LH and enhanced the pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH release. Injection of both 600 mug EB and 10 mg progesterone for 3 days did not elevate plasma level of LH and showed no significant effect of LH-RH on LH release as compared to control. These results suggest that elevated levels of circulating estrogen and progestin may determine LH release and exposure of the pituitary to LH-RH is necessary for LH release. In dose and time schedule used in this study, it is inferred that estrogen and progesterone may exert their direct effect to hypothalamus on endogenous LH-RH secretion and also may exert their effect on pituitary gonadotrophs to change the sensitivity to LH-RH, i.e. these steroid hormones may be major factors in the control of gonadotropin release in the baboon.
Animals↗
Influence of low dose oestrogen on circulating prolactin. LH and FSH levels in post-menopausal women.
The effect on serum prolactin, LH and FSH levels of 25 mug ethinyloestradiol administered daily per os during 27 consecutive days was investigated in 5 post-menopausal women aged 52-78. Blood samples were collected before, during and after treatment. The hormones were assayed in serum by radioimmunological methods. Both LH and FSH decreased progressively and significantly from 120 and 115 mIU/ml before treatment to 52 and 51 mIU/ml, respectively after three weeks of oestrogen administration. Two weeks after interruption of treatment, LH (90mIU/ml) and FSH (112 mIU/ml) were significantly higher than during the last week of treatment. Mean prolactin level increased from 127 muU/ml before treatment to 237 muU/ml after 10 days of oestrogen administration (P less than 0.001). This increase was significant after 4 to 8 days and the levels remained about twice as high as the control values for the rest of the treatment period. Two weeks after interruption of treatment, serum prolactin had fallen (136 muU/ml) to the pre-treatment levels. Such results raise the question of possible effects of elevated levels of this hormone during long term oestrogen medication in post-menopausal women on the development of breast cancer.
Administration, Oral↗
Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations in pseudopregnant rats treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Pseudopregnant rats were treated early in pseudopregnancy with 1 or 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Serum FSH, LH and progesterone concentrations were determined on days 2-20 of pseudopregnancy in treated and control rats. The mean duration of pseudopregnancy was 13-5 days in the control animals, but when animals were treated with 1 mg MPA a dioestrous period of 21-4 days was observed. A period with leucocytic vaginal smears of at least 2 months was observed after treatment with 10 mg MPA. Injection with MPA on day 3 of pseudopregnancy did not affect the serum FSH concentrations during the subsequent days. The progesterone pattern was alike in the three groups of animals, i.e. the duration of the activity of the corpora lutea was similar in all groups. However, 10 mg MPA slightly lowered progesterone concentrations on days 4-8 of pseudopregnancy. In the saline-treated rats, LH concentrations decreased from days 2-5, and remained low until they increased after day 11 of pseudopregnancy. This increase was delayed until day 20 in the animals treated with 1 mg MPA, and was not observed in the animals treated with 10 mg MPA. It is argued that the increase of LH concentration at the end of pseudopregnency is not instrumental in the decrease of peripheral progesterone concentration but rather that the decrease in the progesterone concentration leads to the increase in the LH concentration.
Animals↗
Response to medroxyprogesterone acetate (NSC-26386) as secondary hormone therapy for metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
We have treated 40 postmenopausal women with documented metastatic breast cancer with medroxyprogesterone acetate. The average age was 63 years and the patients were, on the average, 14 years' postmenopausal. Only two patients had received no prior additive hormone therapy. The remainder had previously received estrogen, androgens, or both. Only two patients had objective evidence of tumor regression. In one patient a metastatic node disappeared for 7+ months, and the other patient had well-documented clinical improvement and control of brain mestastases for 22 months. Two other patients had mixed responses of chest wall metastases (regression of some but not all lesions), lasting 3 and 4 months respectively. Five other patients had obvious subjective benefit. There were four objective responses (10%) and five subjective responses (12%). There was no correlation between route of administration and response. All patients receiving benefit had previously responded to other hormones. Side effects were usually absent or consisted of mild fluid retention; however, four patients had disease stimulation from therapy.
Administration, Oral↗
Ovulatory dysfunction during continuous administration of low-dose levonorgestrel by subdermal implants.
OBJECTIVE: To study the endocrinologic profile of regularly menstruating users of levonorgestrel subdermal implants. DESIGN: Observational, prospective, case-controlled comparative study. SETTING: The Family Planning Clinic of PROFAMILIA, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Thirty one regularly cycling Norplant users and 12 nonhormonal contraceptors who volunteered to participate. INTERVENTIONS: Norplant contraceptive implants were inserted in 31 subjects between 13 and 77 months before this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) were serially assayed for one menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Almost half of the cycles among Norplant users were anovulatory; all the rest (55%) had some form of dysfunction: diminished gonadotropin surge, luteal phase insufficiency (low P levels and shortened luteal phase), and E2 profiles different from normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: Anovulation is clearly one of the main mechanisms of action of Norplant, but even in presumptive ovulatory cycles, the dysfunctions described possibly contribute to the high contraceptive effectiveness of Norplant.
Adult↗
Clinical and pathological comparison of young adult women with hepatocellular carcinoma with and without exposure to oral contraceptives.
We compared the clinical characteristics and histological classifications of young adult women with hepatocellular carcinoma with and without exposure to increased amounts of sex steroids in order to investigate the possibility that sex steroids changed the behavior of the tumor. Fifteen women were found to have a history of exposure to increased levels of sex steroids while 14 did not. One of the women in the exposed group had elements of adenoma next to her carcinoma, allowing speculation as to whether the malignancy arose from a previous adenoma. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were that the exposed group had a higher number of gravida (2.2 compared to 0.9, p = 0.013) and suffered tumor rupture with hemoperitoneum more frequently (4/15 compared to 0/4, p = 0.037). Trends worth noting were that the exposed group tended to survive longer, complain of pain and weight loss less frequently, and have lower alpha-fetoprotein levels. These findings indicate that exposure to sex steroids may change the clinical behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma, producing among other things a hypervascularity and tendency for hemoperitoneum.
Adult↗