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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

Formation of granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted sponges in rats. A comparison between granulation tissue developed in viscose cellulose sponges (Visella) and in polyvinyl alcohol sponges (Ivalon).

A comparison was made between the granulation tissue formation in two different synthetic sponge types. Visella and Ivalon, of different sizes. The granulation tissue formed in the two sponge types did not differ qualitatively, and had the character of wound tissue and inflammatory tissue in man. The rate of tissue formation in the Visella sponges was faster and the tissue was more homogenous than in the Ivalon sponges. Fourteen-day-old Visella implants of either size contained more granulation tissue than Ivalon sponges, probably owing to the smaller pore size of the former material. This may also account for the more frequent occurrence of giant cells in the Visella implants. In contrast to the Visella sponges, the trabeculae of the Ivalon polymer showed calcification and positive staining properties with histological staining procedures, and deformation was frequent among the Ivalon implants. Thin sponges of either type closed in about 21 days, thick ones after about 42 days of implantation. Calculated per 2 cm3 of implant, thin sponges produced more tissue after 14 days of implantation than thick noes. It is concluded that the Visella sponge type is best suitable for this experimental model of inflammation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Advances in the production of sponge biomass Aplysina aerophoba--a model sponge for ex situ sponge biomass production.

Sponges are a promising source of organic compounds of potential interest regarding industrial and medical applications. For detailed studies on such compounds, large amounts of sponge biomass are required. Obtaining that is at present extremely difficult because most sponges are relatively rare in nature and their mass cultivation in the laboratory has not yet been accomplished. In this study the possibility of culturing Aplysina aerophoba fragments in laboratory was examined. While a substantial biomass increase was not yet observed, we achieved fragmented sponge tissue to develop into a functional sponge as a first success.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The influence of crosslinking agents and diamines on the pore size, morphology and the biological stability of collagen sponges and their effect on cell penetration through the sponge matrix.

Artificial skin substitutes based on autologous keratinocytes cultured on collagen substrata are being developed for treating patients with severe burns. The properties of the collagen substrate can be manipulated, for example, by crosslinking, to optimize desirable properties such as cell growth and penetration into the substrate, biological stability and mechanical strength. Collagen sponges crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC) and the diamine, diaminohexane, were used to determine the effect of crosslinking on pore size and morphology, on the stability of the crosslinked sponges both in cell culture media and during incubation with collagenase, and on the penetration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the sponge matrix. Crosslinking of the sponges reduced the pore size, particularly at the surface, and altered sponge morphology. After crosslinking the collagen fibers were thinner, and appeared lacy and delicate. Crosslinking also influenced sponge stability. In keratinocyte serum-free medium the pore size of plain collagen sponges increased with increasing incubation time, and crosslinking appeared to prevent this, and may have stabilized sponge structure. Incubation in serum-containing Dulbecco's minimum essential medium caused a marked reduction in pore size in both plain collagen and crosslinked collagen sponges. Crosslinking did not appear to influence this cell-free contraction of collagen sponges. Treatment of sponges with EDAC markedly increased the resistance of sponges to collagenase digestion. The penetration of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts was retarded by crosslinking the sponges. Fibroblasts penetrated through the sponges to a greater extent than keratinocytes, and their proliferation rate was faster. The total number of cells populating the crosslinked sponges after 10 days culture was approximately 50% of that on untreated collagen sponges. The mechanism responsible for this effect was different with the two crosslinkers used. Diaminohexane appeared to inhibit cell growth, whereas EDAC may have caused a decrease in cell adhesion to the sponges, without an apparent inhibition of growth rate. In terms of morphology, fibroblasts were elongated to a greater extent on crosslinked sponges, and alligned themselves along the collagen fibers. Keratinocytes grew in colonies on untreated sponges, but on crosslinked sponges they grew in isolation, with minimal cell-cell interactions. It may be necessary to reach a compromise to obtain the best combination of properties for using collagen sponges as substrata for artificial skin substitutes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Optimization of biodegradable sponges as controlled release drug matrices. I. Effect of moisture level on chitosan sponge mechanical properties.

Cross-linked chitosan sponges as controlled release drug carrier systems were developed. Tramadol hydrochloride, a centrally acting analgesic, was used as a model drug. The sponges were prepared by freeze-drying 1.25% and 2.5% (w/w) high and low M.wt. chitosan solutions, respectively, using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The hardness of the prepared sponges was a function of glutaraldehyde concentration and volume where the optimum concentration that offered accepted sponge consistency was 5%. Below or above 5%, very soft or very hard and brittle sponges were obtained, respectively. The determined drug content in the prepared sponges was uniform and did not deviate markedly from the calculated amount. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the internal structures of the sponges. The SEM photos revealed that cross-linked high M.wt. chitosan sponges have larger size surface pores that form connections (channels) with the interior of the sponge than cross-linked low M.wt. ones. Moreover, crystals of the incorporated Tramadol hydrochloride were detected on the lamellae and within pores in both chitosan sponges. Differences in pore size and dissolution medium uptake capacity were crucial factors for the more delayed drug release from cross-linked low M.wt. chitosan sponges over high M.wt. ones at pH 7.4. Kinetic analysis of the release data using linear regression followed the Higuchi diffusion model over 12 hours. Setting storage conditions at room temperature under 80-92% relative humidity resulted in soft, elastic, and compressible sponges.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed2025

Discovery, biosynthesis, and bioactivities of peptidic natural products from marine sponges and sponge-associated bacteria.

Covering 2010 to 2025Sponges are benthic, sessile invertebrate metazoans that are some of the most prolific sources of natural products in the marine environment. Sponge-derived natural products are often endowed with favorable pharmaceutical bioactivities, and paired with their structural complexity, have long served as title compounds for chemical syntheses. Sponges are holobionts, in that the sponge host is associated with symbiotic and commensal microbiome. Natural products isolated from sponges can be produced by the sponge host, or the associated microbiome. Recent genomic studies have shed light on the sponge eukaryotic host as the true producer of several classes of sponge-derived peptidic natural products. In this review spanning years 2010-2025, we describe peptidic natural products isolated from the sponge hosts and the associated microbiome, detail their biosynthetic processes where known, and offer forward looking insights into future innovation in discovery and biosynthesis of peptidic natural products from marine sponges.

Porifera↗

PubMed1991

[Changes in implanted polyvinylformal sponge 35 years after intrapleural sponge plombage].

Successful removal of long-term implanted plombage sponge, its chemical analysis and changes in its mechanical characteristics are reported. A 52-year-old woman who had undergone an intrapleural sponge plombage operation because of tuberculosis, and had since shown an uneventful medical history for 35 years, was referred with a complaint of back skin induration over the previous surgical scar. Resection of the implanted sponge was performed. The ribs attached to the sponge were atrophic and had fused with each other. The sponge had invaded the 6th rib and formed a window-like defect in the fused bony ribcage. The skin induration was found to be caused by hematoma due to damage of the intercostal artery by the sponge. In the sponge, which was made from polyvinylformal, connective tissue infiltration was observed to a depth of 5 mm. The innermost part of the sponge was free from connective tissue infiltration, but the sponge had lost its initial elasticity.

Female↗

PubMed1994

The distribution of brominated long-chain fatty acids in sponge and symbiont cell types from the tropical marine sponge Amphimedon terpenensis.

The tropical marine sponge Amphimedon terpenensis (family Niphatidae, order Haplosclerida) has previously been shown to possess unusual lipids, including unusual fatty acids. The biosynthetic origin of these fatty acids is of interest as the sponge supports a significant population of eubacterial and cyanobacterial symbionts. The total fatty acid composition of the sponge was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the methyl esters. Among the most abundant of the fatty acids in intact tissue were 16:0, 18:0 and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic (phytanic) acid. In addition, three brominated fatty acids, (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-tetracosadienoic acid (24:2Br), (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-pentacosadienoic acid (25:2Br) and (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-hexacosadienoic acid (26:2Br) were also present. The three brominated fatty acids, together with phytanic acid, were isolated from both ectosomal (superficial) and choanosomal (internal) regions of the sponge. Analysis of extracts prepared from sponge/symbiont cells, partitioned by density gradient centrifugation on Ficoll, indicated that phytanic acid and the three brominated fatty acids were associated with sponge cells only. Further, a fatty acid methyl ester sample from intact tissue of A. terpenensis was partitioned according to phospholipid class, and the brominated fatty acids were shown to be associated with the phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions that are commonly present in marine sponge lipids. The phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol fractions were rich in the relatively shorter chain fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0). The association of brominated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) with sponge cells has been confirmed. The findings allow comment on the use of fatty acid profiles in chemotaxonomy and permit further interpretation of LCFA biosynthetic pathways in sponges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Defensive roles for secondary metabolites from marine sponges and sponge-feeding nudibranchs.

In the marine environment sponges (Porifera) constitute one of the most interesting sources of bioactive natural products. The high frequency of bioactive components in these primitive filter-feeders is interpreted as chemical defence of sponges against environmental stress factors such as predation, overgrowth by fouling organisms or competition for space. The highest incidence of toxic or deterrent sponge metabolites is consequently found in habitats such as coral reefs that are characterized by intense competition and feeding pressure due, for example, to carnivorous fish. Further support for the adaptive significance of sponge constituents is derived from the observation that sponges which are growing exposed are usually more toxic than those growing unexposed. Whereas the chemical defence of sponges seems to be highly effective against most species of fish, a group of shell-less gastropods, the nudibranchs, has specialized on sponges. While feeding on sponges the nudibranchs sequester the effective chemical armoury of their prey, which is subsequently employed for their own protection. Some nudibranchs, however, have become independent of this interspecific flow of natural products and are able to accumulate defensive compounds through de novo synthesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Regeneration of canine peroneal nerve with the use of a polyglycolic acid-collagen tube filled with laminin-soaked collagen sponge: a comparative study of collagen sponge and collagen fibers as filling materials for nerve conduits.

A novel artificial nerve conduit was developed and its efficiency was evaluated on the basis of promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap in dogs. The nerve conduit was made of a polyglycolic acid-collagen tube filled with laminin-soaked collagen sponge. Conduits filled with either sponge- or fiber-form collagen were implanted into an 80-mm gap of the peroneal nerve (five dogs for each form). Twelve months postoperatively nerve regeneration was superior in the sponge group both morphometrically (percentage of neural tissue: fiber: 39.7 +/- 5.2, sponge: 43.0 +/- 4.5, n=3) and electrophysiologically (fiber: CMAP 1.06 +/- 0.077, SEP 1.32 +/- 0.127 sponge: CMAP 1.04 +/- 0.106, SEP 1.24 +/- 0.197, n=5), although these differences were not statistically significant. The observed regeneration was complementary to successful results reported previously in the same model, in which collagen fibers exclusively were used. The results indicate a possible superiority of collagen sponge over collagen fibers as filling materials. In addition, the mass-producibility, superior scaffolding potential, and capacity for gradual release of soluble factors of the sponge provide make it an attractive alternative to fine fibers, which are both technologically difficult and costly to produce. This newly developed nerve conduit has the potential to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration across longer gaps commonly encountered in clinical settings.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Development of in vivo sponge cultures: particle feeding by the tropical sponge Pseudosuberites aff. andrewsi.

The rate of food particle uptake of the tropical sponge Pseudosuberites aff. andrewsi was studied in relation to particle concentrations and particle size. A range of different concentrations of either the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (approximately 5-8 microm) or the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. (approximately 1 microm) was supplied to the sponges. D. tertiolecta had a pronounced effect on the filtration activity of the sponges: at concentrations higher than approximately 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(3), the filtration rates dropped dramatically. Such a clear effect was not found for Synechococcus sp. The results further showed that the maximal amount of food (when expressed in organic carbon) that can be taken up per cubic centimeter of sponge volume per unit of time should in principle be sufficient to enable growth (irrespective of the food particle type). At the maximal food particle concentration that did not affect the filtration rates, the uptake of organic carbon is already highly in excess of the amount of organic carbon that the sponges need to cope with their respiratory demand. Based on these findings, a series of growth experiments was carried out in which the sponges were subjected to a constant concentration of different types of food particles (Synechococcus sp. and the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis sp). Although initial growth was sometimes observed, continuous growth at a constant rate could not be obtained. It is concluded that qualitative aspects of feeding rather than quantitative aspects are the key to successful in vivo sponge culture.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Hydrophilic sponges based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: part VII: modulation of sponge characteristics by changes in reactivity and hydrophilicity of crosslinking agents.

Despite previous unsuccessful attempts to use hydrated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) sponges as implantable biomaterials, recently these materials became important as peripheral components in an artificial cornea of the core-and-skirt design. The low mechanical strength of sponges prompted this study on possible improvement of tensile properties by the use of a variety of crosslinking agents. Three vinylic (dimethacrylates) and two allylic compounds were used at different concentrations (0.1 to 2% (mol)) as crosslinking agents in the production of sponges. Their influence on the mechanical properties, porous morphology and swelling behavior of resulting sponges was evaluated. The onset of phase separation during polymerization was also measured by visible spectrophotometry. The results suggested an inherent heterogeneity of sponges, i.e. pores of non-uniform size and structural inhomogeneities. While the effects of changes in the nature and concentration of crosslinking agents on the equilibrium water content of sponges were ambiguous, some of the mechanical properties, such as toughness and elasticity, were improved by crosslinking with allylic agents. Scanning electron microscopic examination suggested that the mechanical effect is related to the variation of size of the polymer particles constituting the sponge structure, which was proved to be dependent upon the onset of phase separation during polymerization.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Oxygen-controlled bacterial growth in the sponge Suberites domuncula: toward a molecular understanding of the symbiotic relationships between sponge and bacteria.

Sponges (phylum Porifera), known to be the richest producers among the metazoans of bioactive secondary metabolites, are assumed to live in a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms, especially bacteria. Until now, the molecular basis of the mutual symbiosis, the exchange of metabolites for the benefit of the other partner, has not been understood. We show with the demosponge Suberites domuncula as a model that the sponge expresses under optimal aeration conditions the enzyme tyrosinase, which synthesizes diphenols from monophenolic compounds. The cDNA isolated was used as a probe to determine the steady-state level of gene expression. The gene expression level parallels the level of specific activity in sponge tissue, indicating that without aeration the tyrosinase level drops drastically; this effect is reversible. The SB2 bacterium isolated from the sponge surface grew well in M9 minimal salt medium supplemented with the dihydroxylated aromatic compound protocatechuate; this carbon source supported growth more than did glucose. From the SB2 bacterium the protocatechuate gene cluster was cloned and sequenced. This cluster comprises all genes coding for enzymes involved in the conversion of protocatechuate to acetyl coenzyme A. Expression is strongly induced if the bacteria are cultivated on M9-protocatechuate medium; the genes pcaQ (encoding the putative transcriptional activator of the pca operon) and pcaDC were used for quantitative PCR analyses. We conclude that metabolites, in this case diphenols, which might be produced by the sponge S. domuncula are utilized by the sponge surface-associated bacterium for energy generation. This rationale will help to further uncover the symbiotic pathways between sponges and their associated "nonculturable" microorganisms; our approach is flanked by the establishment of an EST (expressed sequence tags) database in our laboratory.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

[Bioactive compounds from marine sponges and cell culture of marine sponges].

Presented a survey of bioactive compounds discovered from marine sponges in the recent five years, including the classes, distribution and their potential pharmaceutical uses. In particular, the compounds with antitumor, antivirus and antibacteria activity were discussed with their originating marine sponge species. Whereas the "Supply Problems" were identified to hinder the clinical tests and commercial applications of most of the sponge bioactive compounds. In vitro cell culture of marine sponges is one of the most promising approaches to solve this problem. The state-of-the art of marine sponge cell culture and the challenging areas were discussed. A brief summary of the R&D status was also given on the bioactive compounds from marine sponges in Chinese oceans. It is crucial to invest more efforts on studying marine sponges and their bioactive compounds in our country in order to develop new marine drugs of independent intellectual property.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Characterization of a culturable alphaproteobacterial symbiont common to many marine sponges and evidence for vertical transmission via sponge larvae.

A closely related group of alphaproteobacteria were found to be present in seven genera of marine sponges from several locations and were shown to be transferred between sponge generations through the larvae in one of these sponges. Isolates of the alphaproteobacterium were cultured from the sponges Axinella corrugata, Mycale laxissima, Monanchora unguifera, and Niphates digitalis from Key Largo, Florida; Didiscus oxeata and Monanchora unguifera from Discovery Bay, Jamaica; an Acanthostronglyophora sp. from Manado, Indonesia; and Microciona prolifera from the Cheasapeake Bay in Maryland. Isolates were very similar to each other on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence (>99% identity) and are closely related to Pseudovibrio denitrificans. The bacterium was never isolated from surrounding water samples and was cultured from larvae of M. laxissima, indicating that it is a vertically transmitted symbiont in this sponge. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, and fluorescent in situ hybridization with probes specific to the alphaproteobacterium confirmed the presence of this bacterium in the M. laxissima larvae. The alphaproteobacterium was densely associated with the larvae rather than being evenly distributed throughout the mesohyl. This is the first report of the successful culture of a bacterial symbiont of a sponge that is transferred through the gametes.

Alphaproteobacteria↗

PubMed2001

Effects of experimental manipulation of pH and salinity on Cd(2+) uptake by the sponge Microciona prolifera and on sponge cell aggregation induced by Ca(2+) and Cd(2+).

Marine sponges (Microciona prolifera) collected in St. Joseph Bay, Florida panhandle, were exposed for 2 h to pH/salinity unit combinations of 7.4/30, 6.3/30, 7.4/11, and 6.3/11. Cell suspensions from these were aggregated with 24 microM of either CaCl(2) or CdCl(2). Cells exposed to the low/low (11/6.3) combination aggregated spontaneously (no added stimulus) in 8/11 experiments, suggesting a significant disturbance of normal function, possibly involving disrupted ion uptake. In all other combinations aggregation proceeded normally and there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. CdCl(2) was as effective an aggregation stimulus as CaCl(2). The calcium channel blocker verapamil (100 microM) reduced calcium-induced aggregation by 15% but had no effect on cadmium (Cd)-induced aggregation, indicating that L-type calcium channels do not play a major role in aggregation induced by these divalent cations. Sponge tissue was exposed for 48 h to the same pH/salinity combinations but containing Cd (15 or 150 microg/ml) and then dried and analyzed for Cd. All sponges concentrated Cd but those exposed to low salinity concentrated it most (in one case x13). Low pH alone had no appreciable effect but appeared to increase the effect of low salinity. One sponge with a native Cd content of 47.2 microg/g dry weight had the highest acquired Cd content. The results of this study indicate that low levels of salinity and pH, similar to those we recorded in the study area, facilitate the accumulation of Cd, but not via L-type calcium channels, and disrupt normal aggregation responses of the cell. These results may help explain a previous observation that cells from M. prolifera from this area, with high native levels of Cd, failed to aggregate in response to CaCl(2)[Philp RB (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 124C:41-49] and also the frequent die-offs of Microciona that have virtually eliminated this sponge from its local habitat.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sponge-cell culture? A molecular identification method for sponge cells.

Dissociated sponge cells are easily confused with unicellular organisms. This has been an obstacle in the development of sponge-cell lines. We developed a molecular detection method to identify cells of the sponge Dysidea avara in dissociated cell cultures. The 18S ribosomal RNA gene from a Dysidea avara specimen was sequenced and compared to eukaryotic 18S rDNA sequences picked up from a proliferating cell culture that originated from a dissociated Dysidea avara specimen. Our method proved unambiguously that this was not a sponge-cell culture. Therefore, it provides a valuable tool for further research on sponge-cell cultures.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Bioactive proteins from marine sponges: screening of sponge extracts for hemagglutinating, hemolytic, ichthyotoxic and lethal properties and isolation and characterization of hemagglutinins.

Aqueous extracts of 48 sponge species from the Red Sea, the Australian Barrier Reef and the Florida Keys were screened for hemagglutinating, hemolytic, ichthyotoxic and lethal activities. Forty two per cent of the sponge species exhibited agglutinating properties to human erythrocytes of ABO groups. From four species (Haliclona sp., Cinachyra tenuifolia, Callyspongia viridis, Terpios zeteki) the hemagglutinating factors were isolated by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. A molecular weight of 24,000 was determined for the pure hemagglutinin from Haliclona sp. by SDS electrophoresis and of 22,000 for the semipure hemagglutinin from Cinachyra tenuifolia by gel filtration. These hemagglutinins were inhibited by D-lactose, but not by D-melibiose or other oligosaccharides, indicating that they may react with terminal D-galactose beta 1----4 residues. The other semipure hemagglutinins were not inhibited by various sugars tested. Hemolytic activity to human erythrocytes was present in about 15% of the sponge extracts, showing a close relationship to ichthyotoxic activity. More than half of the sponge extracts caused toxic symptoms in mice when injected i.p. Using various concentrations death occurred within 12-48 hr. The lethal factors seem to be related to components of low molecular weight in the sponge extracts.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Efficacy of sponging vs acetaminophen for reduction of fever. Sponging Study Group.

Seventy-three children with acute febrile illnesses were enrolled in a study to compare the efficacy of sponging, sponging plus acetaminophen, and acetaminophen alone as methods of lowering body temperature. The greatest temperature reduction was seen in the combined acetaminophen plus sponging group. The smallest temperature reduction was noted in children who received sponging alone. We urge reconsideration of routine sponging of febrile young patients.

Acetaminophen↗