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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.

Two experiments demonstrated that self-perceptions and social perceptions may persevere after the initial basis for such perceptions has been completely discredited. In both studies subjects first received false feedback, indicating that they had either succeeded or failed on a novel discrimination task and then were thoroughly debriefed concerning the predetermined and random nature of this outcome manipulation. In experiment 2, both the initial outcome manipulation and subsequent debriefing were watched and overheard by observers. Both actors and observers showed substantial perseverance of initial impressions concerning the actors' performance and abilities following a standard "outcome" debriefing. "Process" debriefing, in which explicit discussion of the perseverance process was provided, generally proved sufficient to eliminate erroneous self-perceptions. Biased attribution processes that might underlie perserverance phenomena and the implications of the present data for the ethical conduct of deception research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: testing the lower limits of sterotyping of blacks.

In a modified 4 X 4 factorial design with race (black-white) of the harm-doer and race (black-white) of the victim as the major factors, the phenomenon of differential social perception of intergroup violence was established. While subjects, observing a videotape of purported ongoing ineraction occuring in another room, labeled an act (ambiguous shove) as more violent when it was performed by a black than when the same act was perpetrated by a white. That is, the concept of violence was more accessible when viewing a black than when viewing a white committing the same act. Causal attributions were also found to be divergent. Situation attributions were preferred when the harm-doer was white, and person (dispositional) attributions were preferred in the black-protagonist conditions. The results are discussed in terms of perceptual threshold, sterotypy, and attributional biases.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Gender stereotypes, ascribed gender and social perception.

This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode "objective" assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress.

It was hypothesized that the prevailing attitudes towards the disabled would affect their self-concept and thus the impact of the disability as a stress stimulus. This hypothesis was examined in two separate studies. The first study evaluated the impact of disability context on the evaluations of disabled individuals by the non-disabled. It was found that disabled veterans were evaluated significantly higher than individuals disabled in traffic, work accidents, or as a result of polio. In the second study, the self-concept of disabled veterans was compared to the self-concept of work accident disabled. The disabled veterans had significantly higher self-concept than those of the people disabled in work accidents. The results would appear to demonstrate the relationship between the variables presented in the hypothesis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Differences in social perceptions between male and female first-year dental students.

Male and female first-year dental students generally possess the same attitudes and the same perceptions about themselves, dentists they observe, and about their ideals for dentists and patients. The null-hypothesis, that is, assuming no difference between the two groups on the basis of these data, is accepted. In general, one must assume that those women who choose dentistry as a career are not significantly different from their men counterparts, although indirect evidence shows a possible exception of a more compassionate identification with the patient by female students. The findings suggest that it would not be appropriate or accurate to either admit or exclude male or female students based on what may well be "sexist" assumptions regarding women's perceptions of themselves as dentists or their perception of their relationships to patients. The findings should be generalized very cautiously beyond the UCLA School of Dentistry. However, at the time this study was conducted, this dental school had both the largest number of female students and the highest percentage of female students in the United States. The study is limited to perceptual differences of freshmen and does not attempt to deal with issues such as productivity or longevity of professional involvement. These issues may have some bearing on the formation of attitudes toward women entering the profession, but additional longitudinal studies following the careers of the current cohort of female dental students will be necessary to allay criticisms of women in dentistry.

Attitude↗
PubMed1977

The stability of mood and social perception measures in a sample of depressive in-patients.

Forty depressives and 40 matched controls were compared in terms of a number of self-report variables and in terms of their descriptions and evaluations of both real-life and hypothetical social relationships. Clear differences between the two groups reveal poorer self-ratings in the depressive sample, together with a tendency to describe and to evaluate both real and imaginary relationships more negatively. A retest of the depressed patients at the time of discharge from hospital showed improvement only in the two depression measures and not in any of the other self-rating and perceptual measures used. The possibility is discussed that the perceptual variables are predisposing to depression rather than concomitant with it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Role of sex identification in perception of a social blunder.

4 groups of subjects observed an interaction between a male and a female on videotape: in one interaction the male blundered, in another the female blundered, and there were two control conditions in which the interaction was not followed by a blunder. Results indicated an effect of sex identification; the male blunderer was derogated most by male subjects (n = 34) and the female most by female subjects (n = 34).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Perceptions about social work and mental retardation.

This article discusses a research project undertaken to develop a quantitative instrument for assessing the level of societal concern for mentally retarded persons. The responses from parents and professional workers disclosed several value judgments of interest to social workers relating to counseling and other social services, the provision of financial assistance, and the role of social workers in providing habilitative and supportive services.

Attitude↗
PubMed1979

The doctor's white coat. The image of the physician in modern America.

The social perception of the physician has changed during the past century. This is reflected in the changing use of a symbol of the profession, the white coat. This dress originated in operating rooms, scientific laboratories, and modern hospitals, each of which contributed to the social understanding of what it means to be a healer. Adding the cultural significance of "whiteness" reveals a broad spectrum of meaning surrounding the healing encounter whose most important aspects are the authority and supernatural powers of scientific physicians and the protection of patients. A major force aiding in the adoption of this symbol was the shift in sick care from home to hospital, where it served to legitimate otherwise socially taboo behavior. Recent changes in how scientific medicine is publicly viewed have eroded these established meanings. The resulting tensions affect individual patient-physician encounters and interactions between the profession and society as a whole.

Clothing↗
PubMed1977

Interpersonal perception in addict families.

A technique called the "Interperception Matrix" was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents. These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self-esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Aesthetic surgery: how it affects the way patients are perceived by others.

Writings on the psychological effects of aesthetic surgery have evidenced a subtle but important difference of opinion. One viewpoint emphasizes the intrapsychic significance of surgery, while another places great weight on the surgical patient's social feedback from peers. This research was designed to determine whether aesthetic surgery, by altering a patient's appearance, can change the social perceptions and dispositions of those who encounter the patient. A controlled experiment was carried out in which subjects viewed preoperative or postoperative photographs and made a variety of judgments of those pictured. The individuals in the postoperative pictures were judged to have more desirable personalities, to be better potential marriage partners, and to have happier lives than the same individuals photographed before surgery. Since all the impressions were from photographs, actual personality was not a factor in this study. The greatly improved social reception given the individuals in the postoperative pictures is explained by the surgical improvement in their appearance. Thus, the surgeon's work should be viewed as altering not only the patient, but also the patient's social world.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of higher-level auditory function in children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Higher-level auditory/cognitive functions were evaluated in 16 children: eight with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections and eight children documented not to have asymptomatic congenital CMV infections. Hearing sensitivity was within normal limits in all subjects. Results in both groups were within the normal range on the screening measures of verbal abilities, visual perception, social behavior, and memory span. In contrast, results of the auditory measures revealed abnormal dichotic speech perception, delayed latencies on auditory brainstem evoked responses, and disproportionately slow reaction times in a difficult listening condition (Stroop task). With the exception of dichotic speech perception, however, the pattern of auditory results suggested subtle disorders that were difficult to discern unequivocally with the small subject sample. Further studies are encouraged to determine the status of higher-level auditory/cognitive functions in children with asymptomatic congenital CMV infections.

Child↗