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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Tests of the relationship between children's temperament and asthma and of the reliability and validity of the Brief Scale of Temperament.

Two studies are reported. One examined the reliability and validity of a brief scale to measure children's temperament; the other tested the relationship of early temperament and the development of asthma. In Study 1, principal caretakers of 46 4- to 7-year-olds, usually the mothers, filled out questionnaires containing the Brief Scale of Temperament (BST) and the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. The caretakers did this twice, about 1 week apart. The first time the children's recent temperament was assessed, and the second time past (> 1 year) temperament was assessed. Internal consistency and correlational analyses revealed substantial reliability and validity for BST assessments of recent and past temperament. Study 2 incorporated the BST in a large-scale survey of 325 families, with parents providing data on their children's asthma and temperament. BST assessments of early (past) temperament were made retrospectively regarding the child's first few years. Comparisons of early temperament revealed no differences between children who developed asthma and those who did not in their overall scores on the BST or for any of the temperament characteristics it measures. In addition, correlational analyses of data for asthmatics showed that early temperament was not related to ratings of the severity of the asthma condition the children developed or the impacts of any of 12 specific asthma triggers, including any involving emotional states, such as stress or worry.

Asthma↗
PubMed1989

Significance of extreme temperament in infancy for clinical status in pre-school years. I: Value of extreme temperament at 4-8 months for predicting diagnosis at 4.7 years.

The relationship between extreme temperament in infancy and clinical status at 4.7 years of age was studied in temperamentally different groups of infants matched for sex and SES, and subselected from a large birth cohort representative of the general population. The effects of certain dimensions of family functioning and of other risk factors were examined. By itself, extremely difficult temperament in infancy had no strong direct association with clinical outcome at four years of age, whereas temperament assessed at four, family attitudes to discipline, and stressful events did. However, extreme temperament in infancy might indirectly affect outcome through its association with temperament at four. The interplay between adverse temperament and parental attitudes of discipline previously observed in middle childhood might have antecedents in pre-school years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (first report)--the correlation among toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment].

The purpose of this study is to clarify how a child's temperament and maternal perception influences the rearing environment. As the conceptual framework, we used A.J. Sameroff's transactional model and Miyake's conceptual model of mother and child. The following process was hypothesized: toddler temperament influences maternal perception, which in turn influences rearing environment under which children are developing. Questionnaires concerning toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment were sent to mothers whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health examinations, and results from 306 mothers and children who answered the questionnaires were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Child temperament showed a tendency to accord with maternal perception of how easy it is to handle him/her. (2) Maternal perception was related to rearing environment. (3) Temperamental characteristics were related to rearing environment. (4) While the influence of child temperament and maternal perception on the rearing environment was not shown to be strong, the hypothesized process of this study was supported to a certain degree. From these results, it appears that it is important to pay attention to a child's temperament as a contributing factor in the health practice of mother and child.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1997

Feedlot cattle with calm temperaments have higher average daily gains than cattle with excitable temperaments.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of temperament on the average daily gains of feedlot cattle. Cattle (292 steers and 144 heifers) were transported to Colorado feedlot facilities. Breeds studied included Braford (n = 177), Simmental x Red Angus (n = 92), Red Brangus (n = 70), Simbrah (n = 65), Angus (n = 18), and Tarentaise x Angus (n = 14). Cattle were temperament rated on a numerical scale (chute score) during routine weighing and processing. Data were separated into two groups based on breed, Brahman cross (> or = 25% Brahman) and nonBrahman breeding. Animals that had Brahman breeding had a higher mean temperament rating (3.45 +/- .09) or were more excitable than animals that had no Brahman influence (1.80 +/- .10); (P < .001). These data also show that heifers have a higher mean temperament rating than steers (P < .05). Temperament scores evaluated for each breed group also showed that increased temperament score resulted in decreased average daily gains (P < .05). These data show that cattle that were quieter and calmer during handling had greater average daily gains than cattle that became agitated during routine handling.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (second report)--the relationship between toddler temperament and developmental delay].

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between toddler temperament and developmental delay, and to examine whether the result could be adapted to the health practice of mother and child. As the conceptual framework, we used A. J. Sameroff's transactional model. Questionnaires concerning toddler temperament, rearing environment and toddler development were sent to mothers whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health examinations, and collected 306 responses. We assessed the developmental status of 41 children among the 306 by means of the Japanese edition of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. All 306 children were classified into either the developmental delayed group (30) or the normal group (275). The data analyses were conducted both quantitatively and qualitatively with the following results. Compared with normal children, developmentally delayed children showed these characteristics: (1) The temperamental category scores of adaptability and persistence were higher, indicating low adaptability and persistence. The prevalence of difficult child, slow to warm up (STWU) child and intermediate high child was relatively higher, with STWU child the highest. (2) The score for the rearing environment was lower. (3) There were cases where disagreement between a child's temperament and the mother's rearing behavior had an influence on the child's development. As a conclusion, these results indicate that a child's temperament must be considered developmental and child-rearing counseling in child health examinations.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1978

Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 2. Initial temperament, parental attitudes, and the incidence and form of behavioral problems.

Childhood behavioral problems are found to be related to both early temperament and parental behavior, in that first-year temperament scores predicted mild (but not more severe) problems. A parental pathology scale discriminated more severe cases among girls only; more severe cases among boys were accompanied by negative temperament changes. For both sexes, the form of subsequent behavioral problems was associated with first-year temperament patterns.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa on temperament and character as measured by the temperament and character inventory.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a successful treatment method for reducing symptomatology associated with bulimia nervosa (BN). Less is known regarding the impact of CBT on measures of temperament and character across treatment. We explore changes on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) from pretreatment to 1-year follow-up in a sample of women with bulimia nervosa (BN). Ninety-one women who met DSM-III-R criteria for BN, completed pretreatment measures, and participated in a randomized clinical trial with a core treatment of CBT were available for follow-up at 1 year. Participants were assessed at pretreatment using the TCI as part of a larger assessment battery, and received eight sessions of CBT and eight sessions of exposure with response prevention or relaxation training. The TCI was readministered at the 1-year follow-up point. We compared TCI scores across the two administrations and explored the relation between clinical status at 1 year and TCI scores. Significant decreases in the TCI temperament scale of harm avoidance and increases in the character scale of self-directedness were observed between pretreatment and 1-year follow-up. Observed differences in these scales were independent of change in depression scores as well as other measures of therapeutic change (i.e., binge and purge frequency). We conclude that self-directedness and harm avoidance scores are positively affected by CBT. Higher scores on self-directedness not only predict treatment outcome for BN, but overall self-directedness is improved with CBT in women with BN. These results suggest that the elements of CBT affecting self-directedness may hold promise for enhancing the effectiveness of treatment for BN.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Significance of extreme temperament in infancy for clinical status in pre-school years. II: Patterns of temperament change and implications for the appearance of disorders.

Few, if any, of children's behavioural or cognitive characteristics assessed in the first years of life demonstrate stability until later childhood; early characteristics have so far failed to show an association with future psychopathology. This longitudinal study, from 4-8 months to 4.7 years old, focused on stability and change of extreme temperamental traits in groups of infants subselected from a large birth cohort. Persistent extreme temperament at four and eight months old did not increase stability of temperament to four years of age, relative to other children in the whole population. Sizeable change occurred, and the environmental parameters associated with negative temperamental change did not seem to be the same as those related to positive change. Boys with extreme scores were more stable, while girls appeared more prone to positive change. It is hypothesised that the direction of temperamental change in the first years could be more meaningful for long-term prediction of disorders than any one assessment of temperament taken at any one year.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2002

Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: a controlled study with the Temperament and Character Inventory.

OBJECTIVE: The question whether anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are different disorders or the extremes of a psychopathologic spectrum still has no definite answer. A way to face this problem is to examine the personality traits underlying these disorders. METHOD: The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to 141 anorectics (70 Restrictor and 71 Binge-purging), to 102 bulimics, and to 100 controls. The Temperament and Character Inventory main scales are Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence. RESULTS: The personality profiles that emerged are characterized by low Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, high Persistence, and low Self-Directedness in AN, and by high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, and low Self-Directedness in BN. Binge-purging anorectics showed a personality profile midway between anorectics and bulimics. DISCUSSION: The dimensional study of personality through the TCI and its facets seems effective in discriminating the personality traits underlying the different subtypes of Eating Disorders. The hypothesis of an Eating Disorders spectrum and its clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Temperament and character in italian men with anorexia nervosa: a controlled study with the temperament and character inventory.

This study compares personality traits of men and women with anorexia nervosa and matched controls. The Temperament and Character Inventory was used to assess personality traits of 15 male and 50 female anorectics and 28 male and 58 female controls matched for age and education. Male anorectic patients displayed overall lower reward dependence and cooperativeness. Male and female anorectics displayed higher persistence and lower self-directedness than controls. Anorectic men had lower harm avoidance than anorectic women. Discriminating analysis revealed the anorectic male group as the most clearly defined. Anorectic men shared more traits with anorectic women than with male controls. Temperament and character of anorectic men reflect features partly similar to those of women with anorexia. Personal history and discriminating analysis led to interesting inferences about the gender identity of anorectic men. These results should be helpful in directing pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic approaches that consider the specific personality traits of these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 1. Relationships between parental characteristics and changes in children's temperament over time.

Preschool children's temperament scores, correlated with eight parental domains, revealed that parental intolerance, inconsistency, and conflict were associated with negative temperament changes; strictness and maternal concern/protectiveness with both positive and negative changes, depending on age and sex. Implications with respect to the etiology of children's behavioral problems are explored.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Culture and temperament: influences on infant temperament in three East African societies.

In this study, 178 infants from three East African societies differing on a number of environmental dimensions were examined to determine if aspects of their developmental environment influenced temperament characteristics. Data strongly suggest that cultural child-rearing patterns, degree of modernization, maternal orientation, ecological setting, and specific early life events contribute to temperament.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1998

Temperament and novelty seeking in adolescent substance use: convergence of dimensions of temperament with constructs from Cloninger's theory.

This study investigated the convergence of temperament dimensions with constructs from C. R. Cloninger's (1987a) theory using data from a sample of 949 adolescents (M age = 13.6 years). Substantial convergence was found, and both types of constructs were related in predicted ways to self-regulation variables and adolescent substance use. Structural modeling procedures tested a mediational model for substance use; results showed mediation through self-control, academic competence, negative life events, and deviant peer affiliations. Interactions indicated that substance use could be predicted from a balance of systems for good control and poor control. Poor self-control was present for dimensions implicated in both externalizing and internalizing disorders. Results are discussed with reference to self-regulation models of substance use and the comorbidity of substance abuse and mental disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Toward a structure of preschool temperament: factor structure of the temperament assessment battery for children.

Much of the research and thinking in the area of childhood temperament has been guided by the structural and measurement model of Thomas, Chess, and colleagues. Recently, researchers have called into question this structural conception and have explored the factor structure of the instruments based on the Thomas and Chess model. A review of the literature indicates that there are few studies at any one age level, and that much of the research is limited by small samples. The results of a large sample factor analysis of parent and teacher ratings of preschool children are reported. A five-factor solution was judged most appropriate for parent ratings, and a three-factor solution seemed most appropriate for teacher ratings. Relations of these factors to the Big Five personality factors found in adult personality research are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Temperament in adults--reliability, stability, and factor structure of the EAS Temperament Survey.

We assessed the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984) for adults using a longitudinal sample of adult women. The stability estimates of the EAS instrument were assessed over a period of 3 years. The results indicated an acceptable fit for the basic theoretical EAS model, implying that the scale is functioning satisfactory. However, the results also suggest that the measure could be improved. Across time, latent stability factors explained within-scale covariances. Both latent stability factors and time-specific factors accounted for cross-sectional covariances between subscales. Additional research is warranted to guide the further development of the EAS model.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Trends in temperament research.

The paper focuses on current concepts of temperament that has led to different approaches within the field of temperament research. The concept of temperament has interested scholars from ancient Greece until modern European and American research teams. Also in Soviet psychology temperament is getting attention. In Finland temperament research has advanced on two different lines. There is widespread agreement that temperament is a group of related traits and not just one trait attributed to the child. Controversy exists as to what extent temperament is an inborn characteristic of the child and to what extent temperament is born in the interactions between the child and his environment. Although there is controversy between structural and functional approaches, there is consensus of some points. First: temperament is generally regarded as a tendency existing over long periods of time rather than being visible in single behavioral acts. Second: temperament traits are genetically transmitted and this biological basis has been shown in several twin studies. Temperament concerns differences between individuals and not species-general characteristics. Temperament research has a tradition of putting emphasis on infancy. In adulthood temperament traits are more difficult to pin down. Pioneering researchers in the field, Chess and Thomas, have suggested that pure temperament traits might in adult personality be seen only in situations where new environmental challenges render former coping skills ineffective. Temperament research is still very scarce concerning adult personality though there are some studies about the role of affect in adult personality. Two basic temperament traits are generally accepted: activity level and emotionality, for the rest there are disagreements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗