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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1976

Interactions of alpha- and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamines with hen and turkey lysozymes.

The binding constants of alpha- and beta-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes [EC 3.2.1.17] were determined at various pH's using the method proposed by Ikeda and Hamaguchi (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 1-16). The pH dependence of the binding of beta-GlcNAc to hen lysozyme was essentially the same as that for turkey lysozyme. The pH dependence curves of the binding constants of beta-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes were interpreted in terms of the participation of Glu 35 (pK 6.0), Asp 52 (pK 3.5), Asp 48 (pK 4.5), and Asp 66 (pK 1.5). The binding constants of alpha-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes were the same below pH 3.5 but were different above this pH. The main participant residues in the binding of alpha-GlcNAc were Glu 35, Asp 48, and Asp 66 for hen lysozyme and Glu 35 and Asp 66 for turkey lysozyme. The results obtained here were well explained by the following assumptions: (1) above about pH 4, alpha-GlcNAc binds to hen lysozyme in both alpha- and beta-modes, which correspond to the binding orientation of alpha-GlcNAc and that of beta-GlcNAc, respectively, as determined by X-ray crystallographic studies, but it binds predominantly in the beta-mode below about pH 4, (2) beta-GlcNAc binds to hen and turkey lysozymes predominantly in the beta-mode above about pH 4 and in both alpha- and beta-modes below pH 4, and (3) alpha-GlcNAc binds to turkey lysozyme predominantly in the beta-mode over the whole pH range studied.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed1975

pH dependence of the binding constants of N-acetylglucosamine monomers to hen and turkey egg-white lysozymes.

The binding constants of N-acetylglucosamine (G1cNAc) and its methyl alpha- and beta- glycosides to hen and turkey egg-white lysozymes [EC 3.2.1.17], in the latter of which Asp 101 is replaced by Gly, were determined at various pH values by measuring changes in the circular dichroic (DC) band at 295 nm. The binding of beta-methyl-G1cNAc to turkey and hen lysozymes perturbed the pK value of Glu 35 from 6.0 to 6.5, the pK value of Asp 52 from 3.5 to 3.9, and the pK value of Asp 66 from 1.3 to 0.7. In addition, perturbation of the pK value of Asp 101 from 4.4 to 4.0 was observed in the binding of this saccharide to hen lysozyme. The binding of alpha-methyl-GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes perturbed the pK value of Glu 35 to the alkaline side by about 0.5 pH unit, the pK value of Asp 66 to the acidic side by about 0.5 pH unit, and the pK value (4.4) of an ionizable group to the acidic side by about 0.6 pH unit. The last ionizable group was tentatively assigned to Asp 48. The pK value of Asp 52 was not perturbed by the binding of this saccharide. The pH dependence curves for the binding of GlcNAc to hen and turkey lysozymes were very similar and it was suggested that Asp 48, in addition to Asp 66, Asp 52, and Glu 35, is perturbed by the binding of GlcNAc.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed1979

Difference absorption spectra, circular dichroism, and disulfide cleavage of hen and turkey lysozymes in the alkaline pH region.

The difference absorption spectra of hen and turkey lysozymes in the alkaline pH region had three maxima at around 245, 292, and 300 nm and had no isosbestic points. The ratio of the extinction difference at 245 nm to that at 295 nm changed with pH. These spectral features are quite different from those observed when only tyrosyl residues are ionized, and it was impossible to determine precisely the pK values of the tyrosyl residues in lysozyme by spectrophotometric titration. A time-dependent spectral change was observed above about pH 12. This is not due to exposure of a buried tyrosyl residue on alkali denaturation. The disulfide bonds and the peptide bonds in the lysozyme molecule were cleaved by alkali above about pH 11. The intrinsic pK value of Tyr 23 of hen lysozyme was determined to be 10.24 (apparent pK 9.8) at 0.1 ionic strength and 25 degrees C from the CD titration data. Comparison of the CD titration of turkey lysozyme with that of hen lysozyme suggested that Tyr 3 and Tyr 23 in turkey lysozyme have apparent pK values of 11.9 and 9.8, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Serotypic and Genomic Diversity of Vibrio anguillarum in Rainbow Trout Farms in Turkey: Implications for Vibriosis Control and Vaccine Candidate Selection.

Outbreaks of vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum are a persistent constraint on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. However, information on the population structure of field strains in Turkey has been lacking. Here, we report the first systematic serotypic, proteomic, and genomic characterization of 23 V. anguillarum isolates collected over 10 years from rainbow trout farms located in six major aquaculture regions of Turkey. Serological analyses based on microagglutination, supported by ELISA characterization of hyperimmune sera, identified a clear predominance of serotype O1, whereas isolate V12 exhibited a non-agglutinating, atypical O-antigen profile. Protein profiling (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting showed largely conserved whole-cell protein patterns among the isolates, but distinct immunogenic bands at 14, 18, and 40 kDa were detected in isolates V18 and V21. Long-read whole-genome sequencing revealed that most Turkish isolates grouped within the global O1 clade, while V12, V25, and V28 isolates occupied more distant branches. Comparative genomics demonstrated a conserved core virulence gene set (RTX toxins, siderophore and iron-uptake systems, motility and adhesion factors, Type VI secretion system), with strain-dependent variation in accessory loci such as anguibactin and T6SS-I. Experimental infections of rainbow trout demonstrated significant differences in virulence among isolates (p < 0.05), with the V18 isolate showing high, the V15 intermediate, and the V12 low-mortality rates. By elucidating the relationship among the serotype, immunogenic protein profiles, virulence gene repertoires, and in vivo pathogenicity, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the antigenic and genomic diversity of Vibrio anguillarum isolates from Turkey. Notably, the identification of V18 and V21 as promising candidate strains for further vaccine evaluation, characterized by high virulence and unique immunogenic features, provides a scientific foundation for the development of serotype-specific vaccination strategies to mitigate vibriosis-associated losses in aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Changes in plasma electrolytes, acid-base balance and other physiological parameters of adult female turkeys under conditions of acute hyperthermia.

The effects of acute hyperthermia on certain physiological parameters of turkey hens was studied. It was found that the response of the turkey to hyperthermia is similar to the reported response of the chicken. The birds began panting and the average body temperature increased 0.1 degrees C. as the ambient temperature reached 32 degrees C. The panting or polypnea induced a profound respiratory alkalosis in the turkeys. The acute hyperthermia also caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma levels of sodium, total calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus. The plasma level of potassium was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1977

Characteristics of two new reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates of turkeys.

Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus strains MN81 and MN67 isolated from epiornithics of RE in turkeys were partially characterized. Strains MN81 and MN67 replicated in chicken embryo fibroblast,duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo-fibroblast cultures and produced syncytial cytopathic effects in duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo fibroblast cultures. The virions of MN81 and MN67 measured approximately 100 nm in diameter, resembled RE virus strain T, and could be distinguished from avian leukosis viruses morphologically. The buoyant density of strain MN81 was found to be 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose gradients. Strains MN81 and MN67 were inactivated by heat, acid pH, ether, and chloroform treatments. These strains were serologically unrelated to avian leukosis virus but were related to RE virus strains T, CS, DIA, and SN.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effects on tryptophyl absorption of the ionization of the catalytic carboxyls in hen and turkey lysozymes.

The difference spectra of hen and turkey egg-white lysozymes [EC 3.2.1.17] produced by acidification were measured. The difference spectra of both lysozymes had peaks at 295 and 301 nm which are characteristic of tryptophyl residues. The pH dependence curves of the extinction differences (delta eplision) at 301 nm and 295 nm for hen lysozyme were identical with the corresponding curves for turkey lysozyme. The pH dependence of delta eplision at 301 nm was analyzed assuming that the extinction at 301 nm is due to Trp 108 only, which interacts with the catalytic carboxyls, Glu 35 and Asp 52. The macroscopic pK values of Glu 35 and Asp 52 in both lysozymes thus determined were 6.0 and 3.3, respectively. These values were in excellent agreement with those determined by measuring the pH dependence of the circular dichroic band at 305 nm (Kuramitsu et al. (1974) J. Biochem, 76, 671-683; (1975) ibid. 77, 291-301). The pH dependence of delta eplision at 295 nm could not be completely explained in terms of the electrostatic effects of the catalytic groups on Trp 108.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The insulin receptor of the turkey erythrocyte: similarity to mammalian insulin receptors.

Avian erythrocytes possess insulin receptors which have binding properties that are virtually identical to those of the well studied mammalian insulin receptors. The affinity for porcine insulin was identical for the turkey and mammalian receptors over the entire range of insulin concentrations, as was the affinity of each of four insulin analogues which differed 300-fold in biological potency. Insulin induced acceleration of dissociation (i.e., the negatively cooperativite site-site interaction) was indistinguishable over a 10(6) range of insulin concentrations. Sharp pH dependence of binding was identical for turkey and mammalian receptors. The effects of temperature on association, dissociation and steady state binding were also identical. Thus, although birds and mammals have evolved separately for 300 million years there has been little change in the properties of the insulin receptor over this time period.

Allosteric Regulation↗

PubMed1977

Mosquito transmission of wild turkey malaria, Plasmodium hermani.

Culex nigripalpus experimentally transmitted Plasmodium hermani, a plasmodium of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Florida. The mosquitoes were infected by feeding upon blood induced parasitemias in domestic turkey poults. The resulting sporozoites, transmitted by either mosquito bites or injection, produced malaria infections in domestic poults.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Metabolic characteristics of cells infected with a herpesvirus of turkeys.

Chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the nononcogenic herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) displayed an increased rate of glucose uptake, a pronounced alteration of the pH of the medium, and an increased production of lactic acid when compared to mock-infected cultures. Objective estimates of cytopathology (quantifiable neutral red uptake and cell protein determination) showed that cell deterioration was a slow process in HVT-infected cells when compared to infection by herpes simplex virus. Experiments with irradiated host cells demonstrated that HVT required functional cell DNA for replication. The inactivation of the necessary host cell function displayed multihit kinetics. In agreement with data on other herpesviruses, HVT damaged by UV light could be photoreactivated in chick cells. The results indicate that HVT shares biologic properties in common with other herpes and transforming viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Direct determination of ligand interactions with beta-adrenergic receptors on intact turkey erythrocytes: correlation of binding with biological activity.

Previous studies on the interaction of labeled beta-adrenergic blockers with beta-adrenergic receptors have employed broken cell or membrane preparations. We have now carried out direct binding analysis on intact turkey erythrocytes employing the potent, high specific activity blocker [125I]-hydroxbenzylpindolol (HYP). [125I]HYP binds to a single class of receptor sites with a K of 5.3 X 10(10)M-1 and a binding capacity of 400-500 sites/cell. These results as well as the kinetics of association and dissociation and lack of evidence for negative cooperativity all agree well with studies reported earlier on membrane preparations from the same cells. True dissociation constants (Kd) for agonists and antagonists determined by inhibition of binding of [125I]HYP are in good agreement with results in membrane preparations. These Kd's have been compared directly with activation or inhibition constants for effects on adenylate cyclase using generation of [14C]cAMP from [14C]adenine in intact cells. The close correlation between effects on binding and adenylate cyclase activity in whole cells are similar to results obtained in membrane preparations in the presence of guanine nucleotides, suggesting the presence of an analogous regulatory substance in vivo.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1977

Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. VII. Effect of inositol pentaphosphate and other organic phosphates on oxygen affinity of the embryonic and adult-type hemoglobins of the turkey embryo.

The effects of 2, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2, 3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inositol tetraphosphate (ITP), inositol pentaphosphate (IPP), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) on oxygen affinity of whole stripped hemoglobin (WSH), hemoglobin H (Hb-H; hatching hemoglobin), hemoglobin A (Hb-A), and hemoglobin D (Hb-D) isolated from erythrocytes (RBC) of the 25-day turkey embryo have been studied. The order of the decrease in oxygen affinity induced by these organic phosphates, at molar ratios of phosphate compound to hemoglobin (tetramer) between 2 and 4, is 2, 3-DPG less than ATP less than ITP less than IPP less than IHP. 2, 3-DPG shows a slightly greater effect on reducing oxygen affinity of Hb-H than on either adult-type hemoglobin. The effect of IPP upon lowering the oxygen affinity of either WSH, Hb-H, Hb-A, or Hb-D is approximately 20 percent less than IHP. The effects of the various organic phosphates upon the Hill constant, n, of these purified hemoglobins is variable but appears to reach a maximum when the molar ratio of organic phosphate to hemoglobin (tetramer) is 2 or greater. None of the physiologically occurring organic phosphates has a significant preferential interaction with any specific hemoglobin. These experiments strengthen and support our earlier conclusion, that the changes in whole blood oxygen affinity which occur during avian development result from the changes in composition of the intraerythrocytic organic phosphates.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1975

Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature.

Turkey hens were exposed to stepwise increases in ambient temperature from 21 degrees C. to 25 degrees C. to 30 degrees C. to 35 degrees C. at two-week intervals. Dietary calcium levels to 1.54, 2.01 and 2.48 percent were fed. Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance were studied. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma sodium, calcium, and magnesium, and in egg production, shell thickness and egg weight and a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma potassium. There was no significant change in the acid-base balance of the blood as measured by blood PO2, PCO2 and pH. Egg production was not significantly correlated to blood gas activitelated to plasma calcium and magnesium levels. Dietary calcium levels had no influence on the parameters measured.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1975

Turkey syndrome 65, oedema syndrome and Mycoplasma meleagridis.

Comparisons of liver histology and serum protein characteristics from cases of oedema syndrome and from poults with Mycoplasma meleagridis induced ascites revealed that the two conditions, though presenting grossly similar post mortem appearances, are different entities. Serum albumin concentrations, but not total serum protein levels, were markedly reduced in poults with M meleagridis induced ascites and in those with turkey syndrome 65. Poults which were infected with M meleagridis but which failed to develop either of these conditions had more normal serum protein characteristics. It is argued that M meleagridis induced ascites may be an acute manifestation of a pathological process of which TS65 is the chronic form. It is also suggested that low serum albumin concentrations may play a primary role in the pathogenesis of TS65.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1979