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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2025

Exploring genetic adaptation and microbial dynamics in engineered anaerobic ecosystems via strain-level metagenomics.

Genetic heterogeneity exists within all microbial populations, with sympatric cells of the same species often exhibiting single-nucleotide variations that influence phenotypic traits, including metabolic efficiency. However, the evolutionary dynamics of these strain-level differences in response to environmental stress remain poorly understood. Here, we present a first-of-its-kind study tracking the adaptive evolution of an anaerobic, carbon-fixing microbiota under a controlled engineered ecosystem focused on carbon dioxide bioconversion into methane. Leveraging strain-resolved metagenomics with an ad hoc variant calling and phasing approach, we mapped mutation trajectories and observed that the two dominant Methanothermobacter species maintained distinct sweeping haplotypes over time, most likely due to niche-specific metabolic roles. By combining population genetic statistics and peptide reconstruction, mer and mcrB genes emerged as potential drivers of archaeal strain-level competition. These findings pave the way for targeted engineering of microbial communities to enhance bioconversion efficiency, with significant implications for sustainable energy and carbon management in anaerobic systems.

Metagenomics↗

PubMed2026

Reproduction on the Rocks: Life History of a Freshwater Macrobioeroding Bivalve.

Macrobioerosion, the excavation and removal of consolidated mineral substrates by macrofauna, is well established in marine systems, where macrobioeroders drive carbonate cycling, sediment production and habitat formation. In freshwater ecosystems, however, it has been documented in only a small number of invertebrate taxa and remains a poorly resolved ecological process. Among these, the teredinid shipworm Lithoredo abatanica represents a remarkable departure from the wood-boring ecology of its family, having evolved to excavate and ingest limestone in fresh water. Despite this remarkable ecological transition, its reproductive biology and life history remain unknown. Here, we investigate the reproductive mode and life history strategy of this species using population size structure, in situ observations of siphonal morphology, and sperm morphometrics. We show that L. abatanica reaches exceptional dimensions, with measured body lengths exceeding 100 mm, one intact empty burrow exceeding 200 mm and in-water observations indicating burrows possibly exceeding 500 mm, establishing it as the largest known freshwater macrobioeroder. Its large size and dense aggregations indicate considerable capacity for local rock breakdown and habitat modification within the Abatan River system (Bohol, Philippines). Recently settled juveniles (< 10 mm) alongside reproductively mature individuals indicate ongoing recruitment. The morphology of the siphons and calcareous tube appears to preclude direct sperm transfer via pseudocopulation, while sperm morphometrics are consistent with external fertilisation. Together, these findings indicate that L. abatanica reproduces via broadcast spawning with external fertilisation and likely possesses a planktotrophic larval phase. This raises a fundamental question: how does a broadcast-spawning species with planktotrophic larvae maintain populations up to 15 km upstream in a flowing freshwater river subject to persistent downstream advection? By resolving the life history of the largest known freshwater macrobioeroder, this study provides critical insight into the persistence, dispersal and ecological role of a globally unique riverine ecosystem engineer.

broadcast spawning↗

PubMed1992

Biodegradation of phenoxyacetic acid in soil by Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103), a constitutive degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate.

The efficacy of using genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) to degrade recalcitrant environmental toxicants was demonstrated by the application of Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103) to an Oregon agricultural soil amended with 500 micrograms/g of a model xenobiotic, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA). P. putida PP0301(pR0103) is a constitutive degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and is also active on the non-inducing substrate, PAA. PAA is the parental compound of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and whilst the indigenous soil microbiota degraded 500 micrograms/g 2,4-D to less than 10 micrograms/g, PAA degradation was insignificant during a 40-day period. No significant degradation of PAA occurred in soil inoculated with the parental strain P. putida PP0301 or the inducible 2,4-D degrader P. putida PP0301(pR0101). Moreover, co-amendment of soil with 2,4-D and PAA induced the microbiota to degrade 2,4-D; PAA was not degraded. P. putida PP0301-(pR0103) mineralized 500-micrograms/g PAA to trace levels within 13 days and relieved phytotoxicity of PAA to Raphanus sativus (radish) seeds with 100% germination in the presence of the GEM and 7% germination in its absence. In unamended soil, survival of the plasmid-free parental strain P. putida PP0301 was similar to the survival of the GEM strain P. putida PP0301(pR0103). However, in PAA amended soil, survival of the parent strain was over 10,000-fold lower (< 3 colony forming units per gram of soil) than survival of the GEM strain after 39 days.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed1992

Relationship of total viable and culturable cells in epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae.

The direct viable count method, used to detect viable but nonculturable bacteria in aquatic systems, was modified to examine epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae. Viable-population sizes determined from the number of cells that elongated when incubated with yeast extract and nalidixic acid were compared with those determined by the conventional plate count method. The plate count method accurately determined the number of viable cells in epiphytic P. syringae populations in a state of active growth under conditions of high relative humidity. The plate count method also accurately determined the number of viable cells in P. syringae inoculum, or a growing P. syringae population, subject to desiccation stress under conditions of low relative humidity. In epiphytic populations of P. syringae older than 80 h, however, the plate count underestimated the viable-population size by about two- to fourfold, suggesting that up to 75% of the P. syringae population was nonculturable. These nonculturable cells may have entered a starvation-survival state, induced by low nutrient availability in the phyllosphere environment. Epiphytic P. syringae populations undergoing rapid size changes due to growth and death under fluctuating environmental conditions in the field should be accurately enumerated by the plate count method. However, the possible underestimation of viable-population size under some circumstances should be considered in epidemiological studies of phytopathogenic bacteria and when genetically engineered microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems are monitored.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed2026

Environmental Release of Genetically Intervened Microorganisms: Towards a New Narrative.

The deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms for environmental applications has remained largely blocked since the early days of recombinant DNA technology, when limited ecological knowledge, lack of success stories and public apprehension shaped a culture of caution and restrictive regulation. Despite profound advances in microbial ecology, synthetic biology and genetic design, current frameworks still rely on outdated assumptions and legacy regulations that equate engineered microbes with inherent danger and demand unrealistic forms of absolute containment. This review examines how laboratory-trained microorganisms exist on a continuum with naturally evolved life, and that their risks are neither categorically different nor greater. Rather than pursuing unachievable containment, governance should shift towards traceability, stewardship and long-term monitoring through genomic barcodes, digital twins and transparent oversight. The vision moves from domination and control to care and partnership recognizing engineered microbes as live amendments capable of restoring degraded ecosystems. Achieving this transformation requires new terminology, phased field-trial frameworks, improved scaling methods, and the integration of epistemological perspectives that emphasize reciprocity and coexistence with nature. Reframing biotechnology in this way could finally unlock the capacity of engineered microorganisms to contribute responsibly and effectively to planetary repair in an era of escalating environmental crises.

Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified↗

PubMed1992

Use of a novel plasmid to monitor the fate of a genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida strain.

Plasmid pSI30 was constructed to increase the sensitivity of detection of a genetically engineered micro-organism (GEM) and its recombinant DNA in environmental samples. This broad host-range, mobilizable plasmid contained chlorocatechol (clc) degradative genes, antibiotic resistance genes (ampicillin and kanamycin) and a fragment of eukaryotic DNA. The clc genes encode enzymes that convert 3-chlorocatechol to maleylacetic acid permitting the host, Pseudomonas putida RC-4, to grow on 3-chlorobenzoate. This catabolic phenotype was exploited using enrichment procedures to detect RC-4(pSI30) cells, free-living in the water column or when irreversibly bound to surfaces. The eukaryotic DNA sequence provided a unique target allowing positive identification by DNA:DNA hybridization. Using the eukaryotic DNA sequence as a probe, no transfer of the plasmid to indigenous bacteria was detected. Persistence of RC-4(pSI30) and its ability to multiply upon addition of 3-chlorobenzoate were demonstrated 78 days after its addition to natural freshwater. In flow-through microcosms RC-4(pSI30), undetectable as free-living cells, was found by enrichment as irreversibly bound sessile forms. These experiments revealed the stability of pSI30 and its utility in a 'combination' detection system for tracking the survival of a GEM and its DNA in environmental samples.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1992

Adaptation of model genetically engineered microorganisms to lake water: growth rate enhancements and plasmid loss.

When a genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) is released into a natural ecosystem, its survival, and hence its potential environmental impact, depends on its genetic stability and potential for growth under highly oligotrophic conditions. In this study, we compared plasmid stability and potential for growth on low concentrations of organic nutrients of strains of Pseudomonas putida serving as model GEMs. Plasmid-free and plasmid-bearing (NAH7) prototrophic isogenic strains and two amino-acid auxotrophs, all containing antibiotic resistance markers, were held physically separate from but in chemical contact with lake water containing the natural bacterium-sized microbial populations. Cells were reisolated at intervals over a 2-month period to determine the percent retaining the plasmid and the specific growth rate on various media. Plasmid stability in lake water was strongly strain specific; the NAH7 plasmid was stably maintained by the prototrophic strain for the duration of the test but was lost within 24 h by both of the auxotrophs. Specific growth rates of reisolates, compared with those of the corresponding non-lake water-exposed strains (i.e., parental strains), were not different when measured in rich medium (Luria-Bertani broth). However, specific growth rates were 42, 55, and 63% higher in reisolates of auxotrophs and the plasmid-free prototroph, respectively, when measured in 10-fold-diluted medium after exposure of 15 days or longer to lake water. Moreover, lake water-exposed strains grew actively when reintroduced into sterile lake water (28- to 33-fold increase in numbers over 7 days), while the corresponding unadapted parental strains exhibited no growth over the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2025

OLS4: a new Ontology Lookup Service for a growing interdisciplinary knowledge ecosystem.

SUMMARY: The Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) is an open source search engine for ontologies which is used extensively in the bioinformatics and chemistry communities to annotate biological and biomedical data with ontology terms. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the size and complexity of ontologies due to new scales of biological knowledge, such as spatial transcriptomics, new ontology development methodologies, and curation on an increased scale. Existing Web-based tools for ontology browsing such as BioPortal and OntoBee do not support the full range of definitions used by today's ontologies. In order to support the community going forward, we have developed OLS4, implementing the complete OWL2 specification, internationalization support for multiple languages, and a new user interface with UX enhancements such as links out to external databases. OLS4 has replaced OLS3 in production at EMBL-EBI and has a backward compatible API supporting users of OLS3 to transition. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code of OLS is available at https://github.com/EBISPOT/ols4 and DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14960290 with Apache 2.0 License. A freely available implementation is accessible at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4.

Biological Ontologies↗

PubMed1992

Evaluation of aquatic sediment microcosms and their use in assessing possible effects of introduced microorganisms on ecosystem parameters.

In this paper we describe a sediment microcosm system consisting of 20 undisturbed, layered sediment cores with overlying site water which are incubated under identical conditions of temperature, light, stirring rate of overlying water, and water exchange rate. Ecosystem parameters (nutrient level, photosynthetic potential, community structure of heterotrophic bacteria, thymidine incorporation rate, and oxygen microgradients) of the laboratory microcosms and the source ecosystem were compared and shown to be indistinguishable for the first 2 weeks. In weeks 3 and 4, small differences were detectable in the nutrient level, community structure of heterotrophic bacteria, and thymidine incorporation rate. However, the photosynthetic potential, depth profiles of heterotrophic bacterial community structure, and oxygen microgradients were maintained throughout the incubation period and did not differ between laboratory microcosms and the source ecosystem. The microcosm system described here would thus appear to be a valid model of aquatic sediments for up to 4 weeks; the actual period would depend on the sediment source and incubation temperature. The validated systems were used with Rhine river sediment to assess possible effects on ecosystem parameters of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 FR1(pFRC20P), a genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) that had been constructed to degrade mixtures of halo- and alkylbenzoates and -phenols. The GEM survived in the surface sediment at densities of 5 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(5)/g (dry weight) for 4 weeks and degraded added chloro- and methylaromatics. The GEM did not measurably influence ecosystem parameters such as photosynthesis, densities of selected heterotrophic bacteria, thymidine incorporation rate, and oxygen microgradients. Thus, the microcosm system described here would seem to be useful for the study of the ecology of biodegradation and the fate and effect of microorganisms introduced into the environment.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2025

Giotto Suite: a multiscale and technology-agnostic spatial multiomics analysis ecosystem.

Emerging spatial multiomics technologies provide an increasingly large amount of information content at multiple scales. However, it remains challenging to efficiently represent and harmonize diverse spatial datasets. Here we present Giotto Suite, a suite of modular packages that provides scalable and extensible end-to-end solutions for multiscale and multiomic data analysis, integration and visualization. At its core, Giotto Suite is centered around an innovative data framework, allowing the representation and integration of spatial omics data in a technology-agnostic manner. Giotto Suite integrates molecular, morphology, spatial and annotated feature information to create a responsive and flexible workflow, as demonstrated by applications to several state-of-the-art spatial technologies. Furthermore, Giotto Suite builds upon interoperable interfaces and data structures that bridge the established fields of genomics and spatial data science in R, thereby enabling independent developers to create custom-engineered pipelines. As such, Giotto Suite creates an immersive and multiscale ecosystem for spatial multiomic data analysis.

Genomics↗

PubMed2026

De-extinction technology and its application to conservation.

De-extinction, once the realm of science fiction, has evolved into a tangible scientific endeavor thanks to breakthroughs in genome sequencing, engineering, advanced assisted reproductive technologies, and stem cell biology. Alongside this work are innovations in reintroduction science and artificial intelligence, which are refining strategies for species translocations, rewilding, and long-term ecosystem monitoring of de-extinct species and populations. While the primary motivation for de-extinction is restoring lost ecological functions to eroded ecosystems, each of these technologies can also be applied to conservation biology for de-endangerment, offering new solutions for biodiversity preservation. This review synthesizes the technological advancements emerging from de-extinction science and explores their broad applications in conservation, demonstrating how de-extinction is both about resurrecting lost species and about expanding the conservation toolkit to sustain and rebuild biodiversity in the face of accelerating environmental change.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2026

Bacterial motility in rhizosphere colonization: mechanisms, constraints, and implications for microbial inoculants.

Although the potential of microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture and environmental restoration has been widely recognized, their field performance remains highly variable and often unpredictable. Current research and development frameworks for microbial inoculants primarily focus on their plant growth-promoting functions and metabolic traits, often overlooking the ecological processes that determine whether introduced strains can successfully disperse, access, and establish within the rhizosphere. Increasing evidence suggests that successful dispersal and establishment cannot be assumed in the highly heterogeneous conditions of soil systems. Here, we summarize the key mechanisms underlying bacterial motility and discuss its role within the broader framework of microbial dispersal, highlighting how motility-mediated processes contribute to rhizosphere colonization. We propose that bacterial motility represents a key mechanistic determinant of biofertilizer efficacy. Its role extends beyond the ability of inoculant strains to physically reach the rhizosphere, encompassing competitive colonization on the root surface, long-term persistence, and the ability to respond to dynamic root-derived chemical gradients associated with newly developing root tissues. We argue that inoculant motility should be elevated from a passive descriptive trait to a core design parameter that can be systematically incorporated and regulated during the development and optimization of microbial inoculants. We outline a multi-tiered strategic framework for next-generation biofertilizer engineering that integrates strain selection, community design, motility regulation, and deployment strategies, thereby unlocking the full potential of synthetic microbial consortia for sustainable agriculture, ecosystem restoration, and climate change mitigation.

Biofertilizer↗

PubMed2026

Phage bioinformatics tools: a review of computational approaches for bacteriophage research.

Rising clinical interest in phage therapy and the exponential growth of metagenomic sequence catalogues have driven a rapid expansion of bacteriophage bioinformatics. More than 80 dedicated tools, mostly published since 2020, now span identification, assembly, annotation, taxonomy, lifestyle prediction, defence-system detection, and host prediction. Aimed at experienced practitioners and developers, this review synthesizes the field through the lens of three successive computational paradigms: sequence homology, bounded by database completeness; machine learning, constrained by labelled training data; and foundation models, which now achieve Matthews correlation coefficients above 0.95 in identification tasks and, through structure-informed prediction, raise functional annotation to over half of phage genes. Furthermore, we map the upstream components, namely, gene callers, homology engines, protein language models, and structural search tools, that underpin most downstream pipelines, exposing shared infrastructure and ecosystem-level fragility when dependencies change. To translate this into practice, we propose web-based and command-line reference workflows calibrated to user expertise and sample types. Finally, we set an agenda for the next wave of tool development. Roughly half of phage genes still resist functional annotation despite structural methods; no broadly generalizable strain-level host predictor exists for phage therapy; varying true-positive rates (0%-97%) underscore the absence of standardized community benchmarks analogous to Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction or Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation. As generative genome models begin designing synthetic phages, progress will depend less on producing standalone tools than on rigorous evaluation, interoperable infrastructure, and clinically meaningful prediction targets.

Computational Biology↗

PubMed2026

The novel transcriptional activator Bhr1 combining NTPase and Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding domains controls (hemi-)cellulase response to mannose-rich substrates in the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens.

The regulatory landscape responsible for lignocellulose degradation in white-rot basidiomycete fungi remains largely unexplored. In this study, we characterize a novel transcriptional activator, Bhr1, in the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens. Bhr1 exhibits an unusual domain architecture that combines a septin-like P-loop NTPase fold with Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding domains and plays a critical role in activating (hemi-)cellulase enzyme production when D. squalens is exposed to mannose-rich substrates. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated a bhr1 disruption mutant that displayed distinct phenotypes and enzyme activity profiles on mannose and guar gum compared to the wild type. RNA sequencing data indicate that Bhr1 induces specific (hemi-)cellulase-encoding genes without altering the expression of genes encoding sugar transporters or sugar metabolic enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses show that Bhr1 is basidiomycete specific and largely restricted to saprotrophic and plant-associated Agaricomycetes fungi. Based on the domain architecture of Bhr1 and the effects of its disruption in D. squalens, our findings reveal a lineage-specific regulatory innovation in basidiomycetes that is distinct from those described in ascomycetes. Elucidating the function and evolutionary conservation of Bhr1 advances our understanding of lignocellulose degradation at the molecular level in basidiomycete fungi and may inform studies of their ecological adaptation and the development of biotechnological applications.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in white-rot fungi, such as Dichomitus squalens, is crucial for advancing our knowledge of lignocellulose degradation. This study identifies D. squalens Bhr1 as a key regulator of (hemi-)cellulase production on mannose-rich substrates and further distinguishes basidiomycete transcription factors involved in plant biomass degradation from their ascomycete counterparts. Our findings highlight the significance of lineage-specific regulators in facilitating adaptive enzyme production for efficient biomass utilization, which is critical to carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. This work establishes a foundation for exploring novel regulatory strategies among wood-degrading fungi, potentially enabling targeted strain engineering in biotechnological applications.

Mannose↗

PubMed1992

Intergeneric natural plasmid transformation between E. coli and a marine Vibrio species.

Natural transformation is the mechanism of procaryotic gene transfer that involves the uptake and expression of genetic information encoded in extracellular DNA. This process has been regarded as a mechanism to transfer genes (primarily chromosomal markers) between closely related strains or species. Here we demonstrate the cell-contact-dependent transfer of a non-conjugative plasmid from a laboratory E. coli strain to a marine Vibrio species, the first report of intergeneric natural plasmid transformation involving a marine bacterium. The nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors nalidixic acid and rifampicin inhibited the ability of the E. coli to function as a donor. However, dead cells also served as efficient donors. There was an obligate requirement for cell contact. No transfer occurred in the presence of DNase I, when donors and recipients were separated by a 0.2-micron filter, or when spent medium alone was used as a source of transforming DNA. These results indicate that contact-mediated intergeneric plasmid exchange can occur in the absence of detectable viable donor cells and that small non-conjugative plasmids can be spread through heterogeneous microbial communities by a process previously not recognized, natural plasmid transformation. These findings are important in the assessment of genetic risk to the environment, particularly from wastewater treatment systems and the use of genetically engineered organisms in the environment.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1975

Prevention of sewage pollution by stabilization ponds.

Water is polluted when it constitutes a health hazard or when its usefulness is impaired. The major sources of water pollution are municipal, manufacturing, mining, steam, electric power, cooling and agricultural. Municipal or sewage pollution forms a greater part of the man's activity and it is the immediate need of even smaller communities of today to combat sewage pollution. It is needless to stress that if an economic balance of the many varied services which a stream or a body of water is called upon to render is balanced and taken into consideration one could think of ending up in a wise management programme. In order to eliminate the existing water pollutional levels of the natural water one has to think of preventive and treatment methods. Of the various conventional and non-conventional methods of sewage treatment known today, in India, where the economic problems are complex, the waste stabilization ponds have become popular over the last two decades to let Public Health Engineers use them with confidence as a simple and reliable means of treatment of sewage and certain industrial wastes, at a fraction of the cost of conventional waste treatment plants used hitherto. A waste stabilization pond makes use of natural purification processes involved in an ecosystem through the regulating of such processes. The term "waste stabilization pond" in its simplest form is applied to a body of water, artificial or natural, employed with the intention of retaining sewage or organic waste waters until the wastes are rendered stable and inoffensive for discharge into receiving waters or on land, through physical, chemical and biological processes commonly referred to as "self-purification" and involving the symbiotic action of algae and bacteria under the influence of sunlight and air. Organic matter contained in the waste is stabilized and converted in the pond into more stable matter in the form of algal cells which find their way into the effluent and hence the term "stabilization pond".

India↗

PubMed2024

Recent advances in environmental antibiotic resistance genes detection and research focus: From genes to ecosystems.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) persistence and potential harm have become more widely recognized in the environment due to its fast-paced research. However, the bibliometric review on the detection, research hotspot, and development trend of environmental ARGs has not been widely conducted. It is essential to provide a comprehensive overview of the last 30 years of research on environmental ARGs to clarify the changes in the research landscape and ascertain future prospects. This study presents a visualized analysis of data from the Web of Science to enhance our understanding of ARGs. The findings indicate that solid-phase extraction provides a reliable method for extracting ARG. Technological advancements in commercial kits and microfluidics have facilitated the efficacy of ARGs extraction with significantly reducing processing times. PCR and its derivatives, DNA sequencing, and multi-omics technology are the prevalent methodologies for ARGs detection, enabling the expansion of ARG research from individual strains to more intricate microbial communities in the environment. Furthermore, due to the development of combination, hybridization and mass spectrometer technologies, considerable advancements have been achieved in terms of sensitivity and accuracy as well as lowering the cost of ARGs detection. Currently, high-frequency terms such as "Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotics, and Metagenomics" are the center of attention for study in this area. Prominent topics include the investigation of anthropogenic impacts on environmental resistance, as well as the dynamics of migration, dissemination, and adaptation of environmental ARGs, etc. The research on environmental ARGs has made significant advancements in the fields of "Microbiology" and "Biotechnology Applied Microbiology". Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in the fields of "Environmental Sciences Ecology" and "Engineering" with a similar growth trend observed in "Water Resources". These three domains are expected to continue driving extensive study within the realm of environmental ARGs.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Enzymatic determination of the autotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide in aerobic and anaerobic ecosystems].

An enzymatic method is suggested for determining the role of chemoautotrophs in bacterial populations of a high density. The method involves an assay of the activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, the key enzyme in autotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. The chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms is rather high in ecosystems based on decomposition of organic matter in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Aerobiosis↗