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Biomedical subjects

D Panigrahi

Publications and source records attributed to D Panigrahi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Shigellosis in children from north India: a clinicopathological study.

Stool samples of 1488 children suffering from acute diarrhoea were studied for bacterial culture and sensitivity. Shigella culture was positive in 143 (10 per cent) children and 53 hospitalized children could be studied in detail. Thirty-six (68 per cent) children were under 2 years of age and peak prevalence was observed in summer months. Fever and diarrhoea were universal features; 96 per cent had blood and mucus in the stools, but 32 per cent started with watery diarrhoea lasting 1-3 days followed by dysentery. Two cases (4 per cent) had watery diarrhoea. Abdominal pain dehydration, and malnutrition were present in more than two-thirds of the cases. Central nervous systemic (CNS) manifestations, renal failure, respiratory manifestations, and subacute intestinal obstruction were seen in 45, 25, 17, and 5 per cent of cases, respectively. Shigella dysenteriae was the commonest organism grown in 57 per cent, followed by Shigella flexneri in 36 per cent, Shigella boydii in 4 per cent, and Shigella sonnei in 4 per cent cases. In the majority, the organisms were sensitive to neomycin (83 per cent), furazolidine (86 per cent), and cephaloridine (87 per cent), whereas Shigella strains were resistant to tetracycline in 93 per cent, ampicillin in 83 per cent, chloramphenicol in 91 per cent and cotrimoxazole in 66 per cent cases. Proctosigmoidoscopy was useful in defining the nature of mucosal lesion, to collect swabs for culture and biopsy specimen for histopathology. Four (8 per cent) cases had pseudomembrane and in two cases Clostridium difficile could be identified. Eight (15 per cent) cases died and two of them had shigellaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of three serological tests for detection of anti-candidal antibodies in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.

Immunoblot detection of antibody against 47 KD cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans was evaluated in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and compared to whole cell agglutination and gel diffusion tests for detection of anticandidal antibody in 64 patients. The patients included 17 with culture proved candidemia, 34 with significant candiduria (more than 10,000 colony forming units per ml of urine) and 13 with nonsignificant candiduria. Antibody against 47 KD antigen was found to be the best indicator for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis even in patients with malignancy. The sensitivity of this procedure was 82.4%, specificity 86.7%, positive predictive value 77.8%, negative predictive value 89.7% and efficacy 85.1%. The gel diffusion procedure lacked in sensitivity whereas whole cell agglutination lacked in specificity. Detection of antibody against 47 KD antigen proved to be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of 14C-urinary excretion and its comparison with 14CO2 in breath after 14C-urea administration in Helicobacter pylori infection.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to estimate levels of 14C-urinary excretion in Helicobacter pylori-infected and noninfected patients after 14C-urea ingestion, 2) to compare 14C-urinary excretion and 14CO2 breath results with biopsy findings, and 3) to find out correlation between 14C-urinary excretion with 14CO2 breath results, if any. METHODS: Twenty-four-hour 14C-urinary excretion was measured in 26 patients of non-ulcer dyspepsia after oral administration of 5 microCi 14C-urea to each patient. One-mmol CO2 breath samples at baseline, 2, 5, 15, and 45 min were collected and 14C content measured. Four gastric biopsies were obtained endoscopically from each patient for histology, culture, Gram staining, and rapid urease test. RESULTS: 14C-urinary excretion in H. pylori-positive patients was 27.38 +/- 13.35% (mean +/- SD) as compared to 67.05 +/- 14.19% in H. pylori-negative patients. Five-, 15-, and 45-min 14CO2 breath values in H. pylori-positive cases were 0.07 +/- 0.041%, 0.063 +/- 0.041%, and 0.028 +/- 0.017% of administered 14C-urea/mmol CO2 exhaled, respectively, which were significantly higher (p < 0.001) from their corresponding values in negative cases. The 14C-urinary excretion data, when compared with biopsies results, discriminated well in 17 of the 18 H. pylori-positive cases, resulting in sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity 100%, and diagnostic accuracy 96.1%, whereas 15 min 14CO2 breath results were 100% accurate. Strong negative correlation between 14C-urinary excretions and 15 min 14CO2 breath was obtained (r = -0.717, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of 14C in 24-h urine and in 15-min breath sample may be employed as a cross confirmatory reliable technique for the detection of viable H. pylori colonization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Clean intermittent catheterisation for the neuropathic bladder.

Clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) has been used as the effective method of bladder drainage in paraplegics for over a decade in our centre. In 27 acute spinal cord injury (SCI) patients managed by CIC from day one, symptomatic urinary infection occurred in 5 with a follow up period of 10 days to 3 months. No prophylactic/suppressive antibiotics were used. In 21 patients on long term CIC (1-12 years) symptomatic infections occurred during a 6 month follow up at a rate of 0.07 episodes per patient per month. Urine cultures proved positive in 26%. The types of bacteria and their sensitivity towards antibiotics were different in both groups.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

A cholera-coli related enterotoxin production by different Shigella species.

A cholera-coli related enterotoxin production was studied in 50 different Shigella isolates from cases of childhood diarrhoea. Four out of 6 Sh. dysenteriae, 18/37 Sh. flexneri and 2/4 Sh. sonnei were found to be enterotoxin producers by RIL test. All strong RIL positive strains were isolated from cases of severe diarrhoea, indicating the association of enterotoxin production and severity of acute diarrhoea. Two major protein bands were observed in SDS-PAGE and W.B. EIA assay in all positive RIL extracts. These immuno-reactive bands were at 31 kDa and 14 kDa positions resembling A-B subunit structure of cholera-coli family of enterotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Identification of Helicobacter pylori by endoscopic crush cytology.

BACKGROUND: Gastric crush cytology is employed in a variety of situations including diagnosis of malignant disease and the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of gastric crush cytology in the detection of H pylori infection. METHODS: Gastric biopsy specimens from 50 patients of gastric or duodenal peptic ulceration were studied by gastric crush cytology, histopathology, bacteriologic culture and rapid urease test and results of various methods compared. RESULTS: Thirty seven patients had H pylori demonstrable in crush smears and 28 in histopathological sections. In 15 patients, the organism was detected by cytology alone and in 6 samples by histopathology alone. There was concordance of 76% between these two morphological techniques. The organism could be cultured from 22 biopsy specimens and urease test was positive in 37 specimens. CONCLUSION: Gastric crush cytology is a useful method for detection of H pylori infection.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1993

Multiple drug resistance and genetic characterization of Salmonella typhimurium isolated at Chandigarh.

A total of 1072 strains of S. typhimurium were isolated in Chandigarh during 1985-1988. Genetic characterization of 'R' plasmids was attempted in 21 multiple drug resistant strains (ACKSSu TT p-19, ACKSSu, TP-I, AKSSu Tp-1). All the 21 strains were sensitive to gentamicin, furoxone and nalidixic acid. Level of resistance to different antimicrobial drugs varied from 200 to 1000 mg/L. Majority of the strains were untypable by the present set of 31 typing phages (Ut-17, Phage type 21-2, Phase type 99-2). All the plasmids belonged to class I transfer system. All the plasmids restricted some or all the typing phages of S. typhimurium and 39 also restricted phage phi 2. These plasmids belonged to F1me or I1 incompatibility groups and did not inhibit the function of fertility factor (fi-).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pre- & post-fumigation bacteriological surveillance of hospital environment.

Study of bacteria in the environment and surfaces of hospital wards revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter species, coagulase negative staphylococci and Serratia marcescens to be the predominant bacterial isolates. Surface sampling following fumigation showed significant reduction in most of the isolates. Bacterial counts in the air also showed considerable decline. Fumigation under proper technical supervision showed significant reduction in bacterial count as compared to that carried out without such supervision. This study highlights that certain bacterial species are predominantly found in the hospital environment and emphasises the need for frequent supervisory monitoring of hospital wards.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Effect of blockade of transdiaphragmatic absorption of bacteria on survival in peritonitis: an experimental study in rats.

An experimental rat model of established peritonitis was used to test the effect of intraperitoneal injection of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on blood and peritoneal fluid culture positivity and survival rates. Thirty animals divided into two groups of 15 each were studied. The first group served as control while animals in the second group received intraperitoneal injection of PRP. The use of PRP in established. Peritonitis was of no significant benefit.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Salmonella typhimurium enterotoxin mediated fluid secretion.

Unidirectional Na+ and Cl- fluxes were studied in rats treated with S. typhimurium enterotoxin (S-LT). There was net absorption of Na+ and Cl- in the control group, while in the toxin treated animals there was net secretion of Na+ and Cl- (P less than 0.001). There was no change in the transport of D-glucose in the toxin treated group as compared to the control animals. The Na+, K(+)-ATPase pump was unaltered in the S-LT treated animals (198.67 +/- 11.23 nmoles Pi/mg protein/min) as compared to the control group (189.93 +/- 10.09 nmoles Pi/mg protein/min). There was no change in the unidirectional fluxes of Ca+2 in the S-LT treated animals as compared to the control animals, suggesting no change in the permeability of the S-LT treated intestinal membrane to Ca+2.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Studies on the mechanism of Salmonella typhimurium enterotoxin-induced diarrhoea.

The unidirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl- were studied in Salmonella typhimurium enterotoxin-treated rats. There was net secretion of Na+ and Cl- in toxin-treated animals, while in control animals there was net absorption of these ions. In the presence of the Ca(2+)-ionophore, there was net secretion of Na+ and Cl- in the control group, while the ionophore enhanced the secretion of these ions in experimental animals. The calcium channel blocker, verapamil, decreased the secretion induced by salmonella toxin, but could not reverse the secretion to absorption. There was no difference in the net absorption of Ca2+ in both the control and experimental animals. There was a significant increase in the intracellular free calcium concentrations in enterocytes isolated from toxin-treated rat intestines as compared to that in enterocytes isolated from control animals. In the presence of PMA (phorbol-12-myristated-13-acetate) there was net secretion of Na+ and Cl- in the control group, while in the experimental group there was no change in the fluxes of these ions. The selective, potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, H-7 (1-(5-isoquinolinylsulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine) reversed the secretion of Na+ and Cl- in the toxin-treated group to absorption. The addition of indomethacin also inhibited the secretion induced by salmonella toxin, but failed to reverse it to absorption. However, the addition both H-7 and indomethacin to the experimental group had a partial additive effect. These studies demonstrate that the Salmonella enterotoxin-mediated fluid secretion involves protein kinase C and the arachidonic acid metabolites and perhaps does not involve the extracellular calcium pools.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗
PubMed1991

Enterotoxigenic Klebsiella pneumoniae in acute childhood diarrhoea.

K. pneumoniae strains recovered as pure or predominant isolate from stool specimens of 50 children below three years of age, presenting with acute watery diarrhoea, were studied for heat-labile enterotoxin production. Twenty three (46%) of the 50 crude toxin concentrates showed positivity in rabbit ileal loops and skin permeability tests. Antigenically 17 (34%) and 20 (40%) of the toxin extracts reacted with immuno-purified anti H-LT antibody in latex particle agglutination and immuno-dot blot assays respectively. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Western-blotting and enzyme-immunoassay revealed heat-labile enterotoxin and its subunits in 19 (68%) of 28 extracts tested. In 5 of 10 strains tested the toxigenicity could be transferred to recipient Escherichia coli J-35 in plasmid transfer experiments. Klebsiella induced enterotoxigenic diarrhoea and produced a heat-labile toxin which seems to be biologically, antigenically and possibly genetically related to the heat-labile toxin of the cholera-coli family.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

The correlation of biochemical virulence factors and enterotoxin production with LD50 of Salmonella typhimurium in mice.

Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium were examined to determine the parameters of virulence. The virulent species significantly resisted the macrophage bactericidal activity (p less than 0.05). The chemiluminescent (CL) response was studied to determine the level of Oxygen-free radicals (OFR) generated and the antioxidant enzymes superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase were assayed to determine the antioxidant mechanism of S. typhimurium to subvert these microbicidal pathways. The levels of the various enzymes were correlated with the virulence (as determined by LD50) and the ability of the microorganisms to induce diarrhoea. Oxygen free radical (OFR) generation elicited by macrophages, in the presence of virulent and avirulent salmonellae was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). No correlation was found between the levels of the antioxidant enzymes and the LD50 values. Thus the oxygen-dependent pathways do not appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis, and do not specify the virulence of the microorganism. Immunological and biological assays revealed the virulent strain to be more toxigenic than the avirulent strain. Therefore, the basis of differing virulence in S. typhimurium may be the ability to make and release more toxin in vivo.

Animals↗