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Biomedical subjects

J Grunt

Publications and source records attributed to J Grunt.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Antibiotic resistance in various medical services.

The analysis of differences in occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains belonging to ten species of "problem" bacteria was performed by means of a computer program in more than 150,000 bacterial strains isolated in Slovakia in 1977. In all respects, strains isolated in general medical practice were considerably more sensitive to classical as well as to newer antibiotics. Marked differences in resistance within individual medical services could be a reflection of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the use of a given antibiotic. Urological and surgical wards, and in some respects pediatric and infectious diseases services, rendered the highest percentage of strains resistant to various drugs. There are still several antibiotics which are effective in vitro against staphylococci, while gentamicin, collistin and cotrimoxazole are the only antibiotics displaying more general activity against gram-negative "problem" bacteria. Nevertheless, strains from general practice show a good response in vitro, even to older antibiotics, despite the fact that these have been widely used for decades in general practice.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Antibiotic resistance of salmonellae in Czechoslovakia -- situation and prospects.

Antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonellae is in Czechoslovakia continuously monitored by a computer and its transferability is studied, on an all-nation level, within the Federal Plan of Scientific Investigation and Development. Restance and its transferability was surveyed in strains of Salmonella from humans, from farm animals, from the food chain as well as from surface and waste waters. Proportion of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains did not, in general, increase during the four-year period of 1973 to 1977. While resistant strains from humans as well as farm animals show a high degree of transferability, strains from food samples lack, in general, the transfer ability. This might be inferred that strains causing human salmonellosis which are carried to man trough foodchain, gain their character of transferability directly in the gut, i.e. from E. coli strains, and mainly due to presence of therapeutically given antibiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Monitoring bacterial resistance to restricted antibiotics.

Data on patterns of resistance of eight strains of bacteria toward various restricted antibiotics were collected from 18 public health laboratories in Czechoslovakia. Development of bacterial resistance to gentamicin and colistin did not appear to follow the resistance patterns of bacteria toward more commonly used antibiotics, but there did appear to be a tendency of mutual coresistance to those two drugs in E. coli and Pseudomonas strains. Similarly, oxacillin coresistance was found in lincomycin-resistant staphylococcal strains. Computer-assisted analysis of resistant bacterial strains revealed otherwise-hidden tendencies and mutual relationships among drugs newly marketed in Czechoslovakia.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Computer survey of antibiotic resistance--developments during 1973 to 1977.

Results of antibiotic resistance of strains belonging to 9 species of so-called Problem bacteria, recorded by 10 District Public Health Laboratories in Slovakia during 6 months of 1977 (altogether 32641 strains) have been compared with results, obtained with identical computer-assisted system in 1973. The position of "Reserve antibiotics" (gentamicin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, oxacillin, lincomycin, spiramycin) remained favourable during precedent 4 years and even improved (with exception of gentamicin in P. aeruginosa). In classical antibiotics a typical steady-state situation was establishedin that period. Beta-lactam antibiotics in general deteriorated in gramnegatives, with certain improvements in special cases. In "specific pathogens", i.e. enteropathogenic strains of E. coli and in strains of P. aeruginosa, resistance to antibiotics generally increased. On the other hand, in S. aureus strains a better susceptibility to almost all antibiotics could be recorded. Surgical services still seem to use the bacteriological services infrequently and this should improve on an all-nation basis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

Glucose disappearance in infants of diabetic mothers. I. Relationship to maternal glucose tolerance and insulin production.

Glucose disappearance and insulin response were determined in mother--infant pairs of normal, gestational diabetic and diabetic pregnancies following an intravenous glucose load. Mothers were studied in the third trimester of pregnancy and at least 6 wk postpartum. Significant differences were present in glucose disappearance and insulin response in both gestational diabetic and diabetic mothers during pregnancy compared with the control group. Infants were studied within 4 h of birth while fasting, and glucose and insulin levels followed through the first 3 days of life. Neonatal hypoglycemia did not occur and glucose disappearance (KT) was not different among the three groups. There was no correlation between maternal glucose tolerance or insulin production and that of their infants. The only distinguishing factor among the infants was higher insulin production in infants of diabetic mothers during the 60-min intravenous glucose tolerance test which persisted up to 4 h following the infusion. It is concluded that factors other than the degree of maternal glucose tolerance are responsible for the development of neonatal hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers, most notably control of maternal diabetes, the amount of glucose infused immediately before delivery and neonatal glucose production.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1976

Multiple drug-resistance in staphylococci, an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.

In a previous communication from this Institute it was assessed that multiple drug resistance plays a decisive role in overall antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and that true data of the extent of multiresistance depend decisively on sufficient number of antibiotics toward which strains of a given species is tested. It was found, by analysis of more than 60 000 staphylococcal strains isolated by Public Health Laboratories in the Slovak Socialist Republic (S.S.R.) during the period of one year, that triple and quadruple resistance is the most prevalent one in staphylococci - not regarded, however, the penicillin resistance which is absolutely predominant. Present analysis also shows that resistances to streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and kanamycin (STEK type) are both most frequent and mutually selective, i.e. strains resistant to any of these drugs (and also to penicillin, i.e. PSTEK type) show resistance also to other antibiotics of this group. In contrast, chloramphenicol resistance seems not to be connected with resistance to these substances nor is resistance to newer specific anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, used only recently in this country, as is oxacillin, lincomycin and cefaloridin. Nevertheless, lincomycin seems to select a co-resistance as many lincomycin-resistant strains were resistant also to oxacillin but not vice versa. Increasing resistance of staphylococci in S.S.R. to kanamycin and particularly to erythromycin, and their frequent occurrence in multiresistance types is a warning feature which might lead to an increase of therapeutic crisis in staphylococcal infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Multiple drug resistance in Escherichia coli - an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.

In a computer-assisted surveillance program, a one-year yield of nationally collected strains of E. coli, and separately of their enteropathogenic serotypes, were analysed for their biresistance to 10 frequently used antibacterials, and also their typical three-, four-, and five-resistance which occur most frequently. It was shown that, like in staphylococci (1), classical drugs: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin all show a significant degree of mutual selectivity. This was confirmed by analyses of comparatively large numbers of strains with higher complexity of multiple resistance. It is important and significant, for the regulation of further antibiotic policy, that the computer analysis showed a mutual devaluation of gentamicin and colistin antibiotics. Colistin-resistant strains of E. coli showed a high degree of resistance to gentamicin - far higher than strains resistant to any other drugs, even strains resistant to four or five classical drugs, vice versa, gentamicin-resistant strains were in more than 50% resistant to colistin - a value which is much higher than that of the very good effectiveness of gentamicin toward strains resistant to other antibiotics, even to five of them at once. This is another important observation, similar to one-way selectivity of oxacillin-resistant staphylococci by lincomycin resistance. Such findings urge for a special surveillance program for these crucially important antibiotics in the all-nation computer-assisted surveillance of the resistance to antibiotics in problem bacteria. Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli showed far higher resistance values not only for classical antibiotics, but also for kanamycin, nalidixin and septrin resistance.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1976

Multiple drug resistance in Klebsiella-Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa--an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.

This last communication on the results of an one-year computer follow-up of single, double, and multiple antibiotic resistance of so-called problem bacteria in Slovakia presents computerised data on double, and important triple, quadruple and quintuple resistance of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa strains. Bi- and multi-resistant strains absolutely prevail in Klebsiella (more than 60% of many thousands of strains tested), P. mirabilis (90%) and Ps. aeruginosa (95%). Special strict surveillance should be imposed on these strains, namely on those coming from hospitals, and on their resistance developments concerning those few drugs which are fully (gentamicin and colistin, except for Proteus) or individually effective (streptomycin, carbenicillin, septrin, nalidixic acid). Mutual co-selectivity of bi-resistance has been identified in Klebsiella-Aerobacter toward gentamycin-colistin. Although this does not take place in Ps. aeruginosa, it is similar to the development in E. coli, and to the one-way co-selection of combined oxacillin-lincomycin resistance in staphylococci in this country. Should this co-selective trend continue, even promoted by the spread of R plasmids, it may happen that the treatment of infections caused especially by these three (or four) species will be seriously jeopardized.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗