[Effects of diverse technological methods of baking wheat bread on the rate of carbohydrate digestion].
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Bread↗
Biomedical subjects
M M Gapparov
Publications and source records attributed to M M Gapparov.
[Effect of carbohydrate structure on glucose utilization and biosynthesis of lipids, proteins and glucagon in rats].
It was established that utilization of labelled glucose depended on food carbohydrate structure. Saccharose increased 1.5-fold the labelling of lipids in the liver and lowered insignificantly glycogen labelling. Similar quantity of invert sugar sharply reduced glycogen labelling. When starch was substituted for corn syrup lipid labelling increased two-fold, while glycogen labelling decreased down to 26% of the control level. Lipid/glycogen labelling ratio in saccharose feeding was 2, in invert sugar--4, in corn syrup--17.
Animal Feed↗
[Production technology and the glycemic index of bread].
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Blood Glucose↗
[The role of carbohydrates in child nutrition].
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Child↗
[Effects of various food products on blood sugar level in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity].
The blood sugar level was evaluated in patients with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus and obesity, and in normal volunteers, during 3 h with a 30-min interval before and after food loading containing 50 g of carbohydrates. It has been found that 17 food products studied produce varying effects on the blood glucose level regardless of the content of starch and sugars in them. Pure glucose, boiled rice, potatoe, white bread, boiled bean, pastry, honey and sugar produce the highest glycemic effect. Milk, ice cream, boiled lens and noodles produce a moderate effect on the blood sugar level both in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity. The increase of the glucose blood level after intake of food products was significantly higher in patients with diabetes mellitus as compared to those with obesity and normal volunteers. Milk products, lens, macaroni and millet are most promising for patients with diabetes mellitus due to their moderate influence on the blood glucose content.
Adult↗
[Modeling of leucine transport during non-absorptive phase of digestion in rats].
L-leucine transport was simulated in the system of 4 compartments: portal--hepatic--arterial--muscular, and described by the system of lineal differential equations of the I order. Basing on certain constant values from the literature data and on the authors' own experimental findings on the dynamics of 14C-leucine specific radioactivity, the deficient constant values were obtained with reliable coordination of experimental and theoretical curves; some conclusions have been made on the value and direction of leucine transport in the non-absorptive phase of digestion in rats.
Animals↗
[Mechanisms of hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach and the nature of nutrition (a review of the literature)].
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Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
[Reflex nature of the initial component of thermogenesis].
In experiments on dogs with sham feeding it has been shown that the initial component of thermogenesis induced by food is of reflectory nature. During sham feeding 100 g of meat after 10-15 min induced 1.2-2-fold increase of oxygen consumption as compared to the initial value. Other food products (bread, butter, glucose solution) in the same time interval produce a slightly lower but always distinct effect. Even aspartam (28 mg in 50 ml of water) induces a manifest increase of oxygen consumption. This effect is completely eliminated by atropine. alpha- and beta-adrenoblockers (combined phentolamine and propranolol hydrochloride) lead to a sharp decrease in the intensity and duration of the effect. It has been concluded that both cholinergic and adrenergic nervous routes participate in this reflectory action. A suggestion has been made that the importance of this reflex lies in the anticipating stimulation of certain metabolic processes associated with impending assimilation of the ++consumed food.
Adrenergic Fibers↗
[Effect of sucrose on lipid metabolism in rats: confirmation of the disaccharide effect].
Disaccharide effect of sucrose on lipid metabolism was confirmed in male Wistar rats (initial weight 119-127 g). The rats were given rations containing either sucrose (30% of total caloric++ value), or invert sugar, or starch only (control). The duration of the dietary period was 40 days. To study lipid metabolism the rats were injected i. p. with 1-14C-glucose and 3H-palmitic acid. 14C-radioactivity increased in the total lipid of serum and epididymal adipose tissue, in liver phospholipids and mostly in liver neutral lipids with the saccharose-supplemented diet but not with invert sugar-supplemented diet. In contrast, 3H-radioactivity in liver phospholipids decreased in rats that were given saccharose, no changes were recorded in the animals fed with invert sugar or starch.
Adipose Tissue↗
[Turnover of microsomal hemeproteins in the guinea pig liver during food sensitization].
A phase-dependent type of microsomal hemoproteins turnover in liver tissue, estimated by incorporation of 14C-amino-levulinic acid, was detected in guinea pig males in dynamics of alimentary sensitization (1, 7, 14 and 21 days) with ovalbumin and bovine blood serum albumin (BSA). The first phase was expressed as elevated catabolism of microsomal cytochromes simultaneously with a decrease in their turnover; the second phase involved an increase in the hemoproteins biosynthesis. Less distinct sensitization with BSA exhibited the shortened period of the first phase, while activation of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline p-hydroxylase as well as considerably increased rate of microsomal cytochromes turnover were found during the second phase in liver tissue.
Animals↗
[Features of the effects of disaccharide structure of saccharose on kinetic parameters of hepatic lipid synthesis from glucose (mechanism of disaccharide effect)].
Effects of saccharose or invert sugar on kinetics of lipid synthesis in the rat liver were investigated using 1-14C-glucose as a precursor. The diet containing 30% of saccharose (of the total energy value) for 40 days was found to be sufficient to increase the radioactive carbon flux through total liver lipids more than twice, and through rapidly metabolized neutral lipids and phospholipids more than 4 and 3 times, consequently. On the contrary, when the invert sugar diet was used the radioactive carbon flux through total lipids in the liver was reduced up to 54% of the control level, the lowest radioactive carbon flux was observed through the rapidly metabolized fraction of phospholipids--6% of the control level, only. These changes were caused by the corresponding alterations in lipid synthesis constants.
Animals↗
[Nonenzymatic glycosylation of serum albumin and thymic DNA by food monosugars and their natural metabolites that form in the body].
The nonenzymatic glycosylation of human plasma albumin by glucose, fructose, xylose, glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, 6-PP was studied in vitro. The most manifest differences in the albumin spectrum (250-390 nm) were observed when fructose-6-P and xylose were used. The use of 3H-glucose and 14C-fructose has shown that there are 2 sites for glucose addition, 4 sites for fructose addition and 1 site to which both glucose and fructose can be bound, but glucose is preferable. Calf thymus DNA has 10 sites to which carbohydrate can be bound: 4 for glucose and 6 for fructose, only.
DNA↗
[Turnover of liver hemoproteins in guinea pigs with various resistance to hexenal after peroral sensitization].
Patterns of hemoproteins turnover were studied in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of liver tissue of guinea pigs with various duration of hexenal sleep; these patterns were calculated by means of modified procedure involving incorporation of 14C-aminolevulinic acid. Increase in turnover of microsomal cytochromes corresponded to decrease of their content in animals with short-term sleep simultaneously with a decrease in the lethal index after sensitization by means of ovalbumin.
Administration, Oral↗
[A physiologic approach to determining and classifying the energy requirements of the population of the USSR].
To develop more accurate recommendations on physiological requirements of the population of the USSR in food substances and energy the author has suggested a new classification of energy expenditure based on the account of the human physical activity with respect to the basal metabolism values. The data are presented on the basal metabolism for different populations depending on the sex, age and body mass. Energy expenditures are classified in the values relative to the basal metabolism. Daily energy expenditures of men have been divided into 5 groups depending on the hardness of their labour: very easy, easy, not very hard, hard and very hard labor. Four groups of physical activity or labor have been suggested for women, these groups correspond to the first four groups developed for men.
Energy Metabolism↗
[Changes in lipid metabolism and renewal of sialic acids in the composition of glycoproteins of adipose tissue during carbohydrate loading].
With an increase in content of sugar in a diet from 10% to 50% of the caloric value the rate of synthesis and accumulation of lipids were increased in perinephric adipose tissue of rats exhibiting the maximal values at 30% content of sugar in rations. Under these conditions content of insulin was decreased in blood and half-life of sialic acids was decreased in glycoproteins of adipose tissue. Interrelationship between sensitivity of the adipose tissue receptors to insulin and the half-life of sialic acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic acids appears to be of importance for accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue under conditions of sugar loading.
Adipose Tissue↗
[New data on the metabolism and physiologic mechanisms of aspartame action].
A comprehensive investigation of the physiological action of aspartame was conducted in 11 volunteers (healthy subjects, aged 18-37 years, with normal bw), and in experiments on 90 male Wistar rats, that were given aspartame in doses of 40 and 4000 mg/kg during 90 days, and in 3 dogs with gastric fistulas according to Basov. The study of microsomal and lysosomal activities in the liver, the turnover rate of liver proteins and blood plasma in rats revealed changes in the activity of liver cathepsins and in blood plasma albumin life time. The reaction of food thermogenesis after aspartame intake was recorded in experiments on dogs, that received sham feeding, and in the volunteers. As a whole, in the experiments including aspartame intake in a permissible daily dose for humans (40 mg/kg) no unfavourable action of the agent on the metabolic parameters studied was recorded.
Adolescent↗
[The significance of the structure of dietary oligosaccharides in their metabolism into liver lipids].
In experiments on 24 Wistar male rats the time course of incorporation of radioactive carbon and hydrogen of glucose and fructose into liver lipids was studied, as well as the influence on this process of the animals feeding with rations containing sucrose and inverted sugar (17% calory value). A mathematical model has been suggested for the evaluation of the effect of sugar and a glucose-fructose mixture on monosugar utilization into liver lipids. It was found that sucrose led to an increase in the rate of the label incorporation into liver lipids from glucose and fructose, and to a growth in the constant of the label release from lipids, i.e. induced acceleration of the liver lipid turnover. These effects were absent in rats given inverted sugar.
Animals↗
[Use of fructose as an energy substrate in the body of rats given food containing various amounts of carbohydrate].
Production of radioactive CO2 from 14C-fructose administered intraperitoneally was studied in 18 male Wistar rats given food containing saccharose with calorific value of 0-56%. Intensive CO2 labeling was completed 3-4 h after 14C-fructose administration. More radioactive CO2 was formed in rats which received food without fructose, during first 30-60 min after 14C-fructose administration. About 20-30% of radioactivity introduced with fructose was excreted from the body with CO2 expired during 6 h, that correlated with the data on CO2 production from glucose. Thus, despite a number of principle differences in fructose and glucose metabolism, similar portions of their pool are used for direct provision of the body with energy.
Animals↗