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Biomedical subjects

M Rotter

Publications and source records attributed to M Rotter.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Increasing incidence of Serratia marcescens bacteraemia in intensive care patients (author's transl)].

The incidence of serratia marcescens in an intensive care unit was investigated in course of several years. After a trial of Cephalosporin-Gentamycin prophylaxis, infection and death due to serratia rose dramatically. The significance of decreased resistance to infection, hygiene regimes as well as mode of administration of antibiotics is related to selection of this rare microorganism causing septicemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Investigations on the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin on DST-agar (author's transl)].

Since in some European countries the activity of antimicrobial substances are assessed on Disc-Sensitivity-Test (DST)-agar, routinely, it has been investigated whether and under which conditions Fosfomycin might be tested on DST-agar with the agar-dilution and -diffusion technique. A total of 320 strains representing 7 species were used as teststrains, and Mueller-Hinton (MH)-agar was employed as reference medium. On DST-agar the MIC-values were increased for some genera like Klebsiella by a factor of 128, a fact that was explained by the sixfold concentration of antagonistically acting Phosphate in DST-agar. Addition of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) enhanced the sensitivity towards Fosfomycin only with some species. As the endpoint of growth is difficult to determine on DST-agar its use for agar-dilution tests with Fosfomycin can not be recommended. For agar-diffusion tests, however, this medium may be used provided that a thin film of growth or single colonies within the inhibition zones are being disregarded and that the disc content is increased from 50 microgram as being usual at present to 100 or 200 microgram. Diameters of inhibition zones that were obtained with such discs on DST-agar correlated very well (r = --0,89 und --0,93, respectively) with MIC-values derived from agar-dilution tests on MH-agar (+ G-6-P). With discs containing only 50 microgram no inhibition zones are formed by strains that should still be classified as "sensitive" (MIC: 8--32 microgram/ml).

Agar↗
PubMed1977

A simplified one-step procedure for the simultaneous determination of complement receptor lymphocytes and lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins.

A simple one-step procedure for the demonstration of complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) with complement-coated bacteria (BC) as indicator particles is described. With this assay the percentage of CRL in normal peripheral blood ranged between 6 and 21% (mean 11%). In a separately performed combined assay for lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins (M-Ig) and lymphocytes, which form rosettes with complement-coated bacteria (BC-RFC), four different fractions of lymphocytes could be detected: (M-Ig+-BC+, M-Ig+-BC-,M-Ig--BC+, M-Ig--BC-). These results suggest that the subpopulation of lymphocytes with complement receptor sites overlaps with, but is not totally identical with the lymphocyte subpopulation bearing Ig on the surface.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Microbiological diagnosis of septicemia (author's transl)].

To detect microorganisms in the blood it is necessary not only that the microbiologist uses reliable methods, but also that the clinician takes a sufficient number of blood samples at the right point in time using a correct method for drawing the blood. The best results are obtained if the blood sample is transferred to the culture media at the bedside. The media should contain anticoagulants, osmosis stabilizers and preparations to neutralize the microbial action of the blood (caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors). Up until now sodium polyanetholsulfonate ("Liquoid") has proved to be the most suitable additive. The procedure used for blood culturing must enable growth of aerobes, anaerobes and microbes with cell-wall damage. Today, modern methods such as radiometry, impedance measurement and microcalorimetry are used or are in the process of being developed which facilitate screening for positive cultures. Antigens, cell-wall constituents and metabolites of bacteria and fungi present in the blood stream can be detected by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis, the Limulus test and gas chromatography, without culturing being necessary. Concentration techniques such as filtration and centrifugation are also being refined to enable a more reliable and earlier detection of septicemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Usability of three alcohols for a standard disinfection method to be employed for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)].

Following a former suggestion (4) always to evaluate, the efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands in comparison with the results of a certain standard disinfection method, Ethanol, iso- and n-Propanol were tested in various concentrations and for various times of action on their usability in such a standard method. The disinfecting power was dependent upon (i) the alcohol (Ethanol less than iso-Propanol less than n-Propanol), (ii) the concentration (Ethanol: 60 less than 70 less than 80% ml/ml, iso-Propanol: 50 less than 60 less than 70, n-Propanol: 40 less than 50 less than 60 = 70) and (iii) the time of action (0,5 less than 1 less than 2 min). n-Propanol proved to be the fastest acting disinfectant. However, as standard disinfection method iso-Propanol (60% ml/ml) being used for 1 min has been proposed. Furthermore, the following results that have been obtained also in former investigations (8) could be confirmed: (i) there is no systematic difference between the release of test-bacteria from the fingertips of right and left hands of test-persons (ii). The efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands is besides other factors influenced by the testpersons. This factor may be eliminated by using the same testpersons for both, the disinfection procedure under investigation and the standard method. The results of both may, then, be related to each other and the efficacy of the former may be evaluated in comparison to the latter.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1977

[Testmethod for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands. Part 1: Discription of testmethod (author's transl)].

A detailed test design for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands is described together with suitable methods for statistical analysis of the results. In principle the release of testbacteria from the finger-tips of artificially contaminated hands is measured before and after disinfection. A procedure under test is accepted if it is not less effective than a standard-disinfection procedure. As such the disinfection with iso-propanol 60% (ml/ml) applied through 1 min was agreed upon. This standard procedure is to be performed the same day with the same day with the same testpersons and under identical environmental conditions prior to the procedure under test.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1977

[Comparison of efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)].

The efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands mostly with commerical preparations was tested by a new experimental model developed at the Institute of Hygiene of the university Vienna (1,3). The disinfectant power was clearly dependent on the duration of treatment as well as on the kind of alcohol used in the preparation (n-Propanol better than iso-Propanol better than Ethanol). After one minute the efficacy of all preparations containing one of the three alcohols as active agent was well comparable to that of the standard procedure which according to our proposal (5) uses iso-Propanol 60% (ml/ml) for 1 minute. For preparations with n-Propanol as the main active agent (Satinazid and Sterillium) this was true even after treatment for a period as short as 0.5 min. In our opinion disinfecting detergents are out of place for hygienic disinfection of hands. One preparation representing this group (Versuchspräparat A) was far less effective than the standard procedure.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1976

[Depoteffect of benzathine-penicillin (author's transl)].

15 test persons received an injection of 2,400,000 units of benzathine penicillin. Serum levels were subsequently assayed, as well as the excretion of the antibiotic in the urine. The samples were stored in liquid-nitrogen between collection and examination. Each of the speciemens was tested 5 to 10 times and the results were ascertained by empirical evaluation of every single analysis. This assay showed the existence of mean levels above 0.036 I.U./ml in the serum and above 19.75 I.U./ml in the urine for the duration of 26 days. The evaluation of serum levels after the administration of antibiotics is difficult due to several sources of error. Reliable results can, therefore, be obtained only by examination at special institutes which possess experienced technical personnel. The establishment of reference laboratories for this purpose is suggested. The results of the study confirm the efficacy of one-shot treatment of the syphilis by administration of 2,400,000 to units of benzathine penicillin.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed1976

[Sensitivity of bacteria causing urinary tract infections towards terizidon (author's transl)].

In agar diffusion tests 2603 bacterial strains of species known to cause urinary tract infections were tested routinely in regard to their sensitivity towards Terizidon, a derivative of cycloserine. In order to relate the results which were obtained in terms of the diameter of the inhibiton zone, to the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), 304 of these strains were tested additionally in agar dilution tests. The MICs of the other strains were estimated from the results of these tests. Since it is known that after the oral administration of 500 mg Terizidon the urine contains, on average, more than 128 mug/ml Terizidon for 12 hours and longer, it may be concluded from the results of this investigation that 75% of the strains of E. coli and Citrobacter, 45% of enterobacter, 40% of Proteus mirabilis and enterococci, 35% of the indole-positive Proteus strains and 30% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa would have been successfully attacked by Terizidon in the case or urinary tract infections. By contrast, Klebsiella must be reagarded as being completely resistant to this antibiotic. It follows that the administration of Terizidon is mainly indicated in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections with E. coli as the predominant causative agent.

Citrobacter↗
PubMed1976

[Further experimental investigations on the therapy of gas gangrene with ozone and oxygen (author's transl)].

In continuation of a recently-published investigation on the effect of intramuscular injections of an ozone-oxygen mixture on experimental gas gangrene in the guinea pig, 2 additional experiments were performed in order to establish the efficacy of the therapy when given twice daily instead of only once. Futhermore, the effect of an analogous therapy was investigated with the use of pure oxygen. The ozone-oxygen therapy reduced the death rate from 100% in untreated control animals to 73.6 and 70.0%, respectively, in the 2 series of experiments. The median survival times were prolonged from 0.56 and 1.33 days to 5.50 and 6.66 days. The use of oxygen twice daily reduced the death rates significantly even further to 57.0 and 47.9%. With this therapy the median survival time was increased to 8 and more than 12 days. The differences in therapeutic effect of the 2 gases were not, however, statistically significant. On account of its simple applicability previous experiments on animals it is proposed that this therapy be employed also in cases of human gas gangrene. In addition, the bactericidal effect of CaCl2, as used in this experimental study, on vegetative forms of Clostridia is demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[The patient as a source of bacteria in intensive care units: influence of antibiotics and tracheal intubation (author's transl)].

133 patients in an intensive care unit, who prior to admission had not shown any signs of bacterial infection and had not received antibiotic treatment, were assigned to two groups at random. One group received antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins (+Pat.), the other group did not receive antibiotics (-Pat.). Staph. aureus was the most frequent facultative pathogen in tracheal secretions and in the environment of "-Pat.". This organism was significantly more frequent in "-Pat." than in "+Pat." in both the tracheal secretions and the environment. Klebsiella spp. outnumbered all other species in "+Pat.". They were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of "+Pat." than of "-Pat.". In the first week of hospitalisation marked changes were seen in bacterial flora of tracheal secretions of "+Pat.". Colonization with grammnegative bacteria rose to nearly 100%, the frequency of Staph. aureus diminishing at the same time. Monitoring by contact cultures revealed that gramnegative rods were significantly more numerous in the environment of "+Pat." than of "-Pat.". Matching bacterial strains cultured from tracheal secretions and from the environment of the patients proved that "+Pat. spread significantly higher numbers of their gramnegative bacteria into the environment. The same is true of "-Pat." for Staph. aureus. Intubation had no noticeable effect on the degree of contamination of the surroundings with Staph. aureus. Gramnegative rods were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of patients with intubation than in patients without. The same trend was observed for environmental contamination. As the clinical results of this study have shown, antibiotic prophylaxis does not protect patients from infections to the extent expected. Patients, and particularly intubated patients, receiving antibiotic treatment have to be considered as sources of highly resistant gramnegative organisms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Kinetics of the release of testbacteria from the artificially contaminated hand (author's transl)].

It is demonstrated that the release of testbacteria from the finger tips of artificially contaminated hands is influenced to a very small degree only by application of the finger tip method when compared to the effect of ablutions. Therefore, without apprehension of influencing the post-values this method may be employed in order to assess pre-values as required by the test-model of Rotter and Mittermayer (5) for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands. In addition, it can be shown directly that it is irrelevant for the number of bacteria released after a germ-reducing procedure, whether the finger tip-method has been used or not, preceedingly. In contrast, all technical variations that aim at the restitution of the supposed loss of testbacteria (like renewed contamination after the assessment of prevalues) change the postvalues measurably and must be avoided, therefore. Drying of bacterial suspensions on the hands, as after artificial contamination, reduces the release of viable testbacteria depending on the time. This effect is stronger on the palms than on the finger tips. The influence of handbrushes on the release of testbacteria with simultaneous useage of detergents compares well with the effect of an alcohol disinfection. However, this method is not suitable to eliminate pathogens safely.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative investigations on the efficacy of tap water, some detergents and ethanol on the transient flora of the hands (author's transl)].

The germ reducing efficacy of tap water, soap, pHisoHex, pHisoDerm and 70% ethanol was compared using the model of hands artificially contaminated with E. coli. Each of ten persons washed 1, 2 or 4 minutes. Reduction factors were calculated from pre- and post-values and were compared for each individual. After one minute the logarithms of the geometric means of the reduction factors amounted to 2,99, 3,23, 3,28, 3,61, 4,25 in the above used sequence (Table 2). After one minute the reductions came off more slowly and the slopes were linear and parallel as far as the mechanical germ reducing procedures are concerned (Fig. 2). In contrast, ethanol caused a steeper slope even after one minute wash. The strong reduction achieved by mechanical procedures (even with water for one minute 3 powers of ten were observed) demonstrates the high hygienic importance of hand washings for removal of the transient flora. Detergents like pHisoDerm produce further significantly higher reductions and seem to be more suitable than aggressive disinfectants for application in fields where bactericidal action is not imperative. The proposals for procedures aiming at disinfecting of the transient flora issued by the Austrian Society for Hygiene, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine require a reduction factor of at least 10(5) after two minutes hand wash. The results of this investigation show that this is practicable with ethanol and necessary, otherwise the bactericidal action would not be different from a mechanical removal of the transient flora.

Austria↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative investigation on recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand (author's tranls)].

A modification of the basin-procedure (PRICE), the plastic-bag-(GASCHEN), the fingertip-(SCHUMBURG) and the glass-cup-method (STORY) were compared in order to evaluate their efficiency to recover bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand. With all 4 methods there was a linear relation between the bacterial content of the contamination and the rinsing fluid in which the germs were collected from the hands (FIG. 1, Tab. 9). The number of recovered bacteria per ml, however, differed greatly with the method used. Without regard to the volumes of rinsing fluid and the size of the offered skin area, both differing with the metheod, the finger-tip-procedure yieleded the highest counts followed by the plastic-bag-, basin- and glass-cup-method (Fig. 1). Compensating the influence of the volume the three procedures first mentioned appeared equally effective (Fig. 2 and Tab. 11). It, however, has to be noticed that the finger-tip-method uses a skin area considerably smaller than the other two methods. The glass-cup-method was the least effective but used on the palm the recovery was still 10 times that of the yield of the back (Fig. 2). Because of its high efficacy, the better exploitation of the subungual spaces and because of its simplicity, the finger-tip-method seems to be the procedure best suited for recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand.

Bacteria↗