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R Caetano

Publications and source records attributed to R Caetano.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Trends in alcohol-related problems among whites, blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1995.

The objective of this study was to report trends in alcohol problems among whites, blacks, and Hispanics between 1984 and 1995. Data were obtained from two nationwide probability samples of U.S. households, the first conducted in 1984 and the second in 1995. The 1984 sample consisted of 1777 whites, 1947 blacks, and 1453 Hispanics. The 1995 sample included 1636 whites, 1582 blacks, and 1585 Hispanics. On both occasions, interviews (average length, 1 hr) were conducted in respondents' homes by trained interviewers. The results indicate that between 1984 and 1995, alcohol problems were stable among white and black men and increased among Hispanic men. The rates of three or more alcohol problems for men of each ethnic group for 1984 and 1995 were: 12% and 11% for white men, 16% and 13% for black men, and 9% and 16% for Hispanic men, respectively. Problem prevalence was stable and relatively low among women in all three ethnic groups. Overall, the prevalence of alcohol problems continues to be high among men in the United States. Even though recent research has shown that rates of frequent heavy drinking among white men have declined, we found no corresponding decrease in problem prevalence. Rates of frequent heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems between 1984 and 1995 have remained especially high among black and Hispanic men, suggesting that men of these two ethnic groups should be specifically targeted for renewed prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol and AIDS-related sexual behavior among Hispanics: acculturation and gender differences.

We examined the relationship of acculturation to alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among Hispanic men (N = 269) and women (N = 294). Data were obtained from a 1991/1992 general population survey on alcohol that included questions on sexual behavior. Guided by a conceptual/theoretical framework, we focused on gender and acculturation differences as we examined the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, perception of AIDS-related risk, drinking and AIDS-related sexual behavior. Logistic regression analyses were performed separately for men and women to evaluate the predictive strength of acculturation, demographic factors, and alcohol consumption on risky sexual behavior. Results indicated that less acculturated Hispanic men drank more heavily and were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than those who were more acculturated. Although acculturated Hispanic women drank more than those who were less acculturated, less acculturated Hispanic women engaged in more risky sexual behavior. The data indicate the need for culturally sensitive AIDS-prevention programs that are linked with alcohol treatment services for men and that are targeted to different acculturation levels for men and women.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

DSM-IV alcohol dependence and drinking in the U.S. population: a risk analysis.

PURPOSE: This paper examines the relationship between alcohol dependence according to the criteria found in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association and drinking in the U.S. general population. METHODS: The data set under analysis is the 1988 National Health Interview Survey, which interviewed a probability sample of 22,102 adult drinkers in the U.S. household population. The response rate was 86%. RESULTS: Results indicate that there is a linear relationship between DSM-IV dependence and the mean number of drinks consumed per day, or the number of days drinking five or more glasses of alcohol in the past 12 months. Respondents who reported consuming five or more drinks in a day have about six times more chances of being dependent than respondents who did not report such pattern of drinking. Older drinkers are less at risk than younger drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: There is a risk of alcohol dependence at relatively low volumes of consumption. The risk increases gradually with the volume of consumption. An added and higher risk exists when drinkers engage in a pattern of consumption involving the ingestion of five or more drinks per day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Predictors of help seeking among a longitudinal sample of the general population, 1984-1992.

OBJECTIVE: This article considers the predictors of help-seeking behavior, and the types of help sought among the general population. METHOD: Longitudinal data are used, collected during in-person interviews with 2,234 (1190 female) individuals in 1984 and again in 1992. The focus is on help seeking during the follow-up interval, with an emphasis on baseline alcohol-related problems as predictors of seeking help for one's drinking over the 8-year period. Correlates of help seeking are shown separately for respondents who at baseline had already experienced, in their lifetime, three or more dependence-related symptoms, and those who had not. RESULTS: Significant predictors of help seeking during the longitudinal follow-up period include male gender, younger age. Hispanic ethnicity, and having already (at baseline) experienced three or more alcohol-related social consequences. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was the most frequent treatment experience that was reported among those seeking help during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Longstanding social consequences appear to play a key role in decisions to seek help for one's drinking, even when dependence-related symptoms are also considered. In this study Hispanics had an increased likelihood to seek help for their drinking (compared to whites), but blacks did not. AA continues to attract the largest number of help-seekers when compared to other alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence, incidence and stability of drinking problems among whites, blacks and Hispanics: 1984-1992.

OBJECTIVE: This article reports on the prevalence, incidence and stability of dependence-related problems and social consequences from drinking among whites, blacks and Hispanics between 1984 and 1992. METHOD: A probability sample of 1,777 whites, 1,947 blacks and 1,453 Hispanics from the U.S. adult household population was interviewed in 1984. In 1992 a subsample consisting of 788 whites, 723 blacks and 703 Hispanics was reinterviewed. Interviews averaging 1 hour in length were conducted in respondents' homes by trained interviewers. RESULTS: The prevalence of a number of alcohol-related problems, the stability and incidence of dependence-related problems and the incidence of social consequences from drinking are higher among Hispanic than among white men. Dependence-related problems are more stable among black than among white men. Among women, the incidence of dependence-related problems and social consequences from drinking is higher among blacks than whites. Hispanic women have a higher incidence of social consequences from drinking than white women. Having a problem at Time 1 correlates only moderately with having a problem at Time 2, independent of ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: In general, Hispanics and blacks continue to be more at risk than whites for developing a number of alcohol-related problems. These two ethnic groups should be the focus of renewed efforts to address alcohol problems and inequalities in income distribution, employment, education and lack of access to adequate health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Predictors of increases in alcohol-related problems among black and white adults: results from the 1984 and 1992 National Alcohol Surveys.

We examined increases in self-reported alcohol-related problems among black and white adult drinkers using data from the 1984 and 1992 National Alcohol Surveys. The objectives of the study were to determine whether alcohol consumption, drinking norm, or socioeconomic status were related to increases in alcohol-related problems. Two types of self-reported alcohol-related problems were analyzed using regression methods: drinking consequences and alcohol dependence symptoms. Results indicated that increases in alcohol consumption were associated with increased drinking consequences for white men, but increased consumption had little affect for black men. Changes in drinking norms regarding non-social drinking were associated with increased in drinking consequences among black men, such norms showed little affect on drinking consequences for white men. Despite substantial increases in alcohol consumption among black women from 1984 to 1992, there were no significant racial/ethnic differences in drinking consequences or alcohol dependence symptoms among women. Changes in socioeconomic status were however related to increases in drinking consequences and alcohol dependence symptoms in women, but not in men. Findings suggest that liberal drinking norms may have greater long term consequences for black than white men. Socioeconomic status, on the other hand, may have greater explanatory power in predicting increases in alcohol-related problems in women than in men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

DSM-IV alcohol dependence and drug abuse/dependence in a treatment sample of whites, blacks and Mexican Americans.

This paper examines the association between DSM-IV alcohol dependence, drug use and DSM-IV drug/abuse dependence in a sample of White (n = 256), Black (n = 263) and Mexican American (n = 212) men consecutively admitted to five alcohol treatment programs in a Northern California county. Results show that drug use is higher among Blacks and Mexican Americans than among Whites. About 35% of the Whites 43% of the Blacks and 35% of the Mexican Americans are both alcohol and drug dependent. Among alcohol dependent individuals, about 44% of the Whites, 72% of the blacks and 52% of the Mexican Americans report using at least one drug other than alcohol once a week or more in the 12 months previous to the interview. The drug most frequently used by Whites is marijuana, followed by cocaine and amphetamines. The drug most frequently used by Blacks and Mexican Americans is cocaine, followed by marijuana. Severity of drug dependence is inversely related to severity of alcohol dependence among Whites. Alcohol treatment programs for Whites, Blacks and Mexican Americans must offer assessment, treatment matching and relapse prevention that takes into consideration this high prevalence of drug use and dependence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Recent thinking about the concept of alcohol dependence.

This paper reviews past definitions of alcohol dependence as well as that presently adopted in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. The role of alcohol consumption in diagnostic criteria and the measurement of various dimensions of drinking (frequency, usual quantity per occasion, overall volume) are also discussed. Reliable criteria for identifying both alcohol abuse and dependence are available. Methodology for assessment of different dimensions of drinking behavior also exists. Epidemiologists examining the role of alcohol in health problems should consider the diagnostic category and the dimensions of drinking behavior that are important to their study. Measurements should be adopted in accordance with this assessment.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Risk functions for alcohol-related problems in a 1988 US national sample.

To assess the relationship of alcohol use and three types of alcohol-related problems (ICD-10 dependence syndrome, work problems and drunk driving), risk curves were developed for average number of drinks per day during last year (volume) and number of days drinking five or more drinks during one day (5+). Using data from the 1988 National Health Interview Alcohol Supplement, risk curves were derived from data on 22,102 current drinkers who consumed at least 12 drinks in the last year. The emphasis in this analysis was on the proportion of drinkers at lower levels reporting different types of problems. The results indicate that even at lower levels of drinking (volume averaging one or fewer drinks/day) there is considerable risk for drunk driving and less risk for work problems and alcohol dependence. The risk for all types of problems at lower and moderate levels of drinking was significantly higher for respondents who had five or more drinks during one day in the last year. These findings underscore the importance of examining risk (physical and social) at lower levels of drinking and for using both overall volume and heavier quantity per occasion drinking measures when assessing risk for any alcohol-related problem.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Selection bias in national surveys due to screening: implications from a county general population survey.

National alcohol surveys using face-to-face interviews, such as the US 1988 National Health Interview Survey Alcohol Supplement and the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey, for reasons of efficiency often use screener items to identify individuals who are likely to have experienced alcohol-related problems and only those individuals are chosen to respond to a list of alcohol-related problem questions. The consequence of screening is that only a subset of the current drinkers have complete data on such items. This paper examines the bias introduced by the exclusion of cases with incomplete information due to screening. Data from a regional general population survey were used to investigate possible bias due to screening because it included the screening questions used in NHIS and NAS but did not screen on those items. Risk curves and estimated probabilities from logistic regressions of three alcohol dependence symptom items and two problem indices were compared by gender across three subsamples: (1) all current drinkers (without screening); (2) those who passed the screener item for the NHIS and (3); the NAS, respectively. Results indicate that the effect of the screener items on the estimated prevalence of the measures concerned are minimal, supporting the practice, judiciously applied, when greater survey efficiency is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a treatment sample of white, black, and Mexican-American men.

This study examines the presentation, correlates, and factor structure of DSM-IV alcohol dependence among 256 White, 263 Black, and 212 Mexican-American men admitted consecutively to five alcohol treatment programs in San Jose, CA. Interviews of approximately 1 hr were conducted in the programs' facilities by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire. The response rate was 87%. Results show that the proportion of Black respondents who are alcohol-dependent according to the DSM-IV criteria is lower (63%) than the proportion of Whites (86%) and Mexican Americans (76%). However, the proportion of respondents reporting each criterion of dependence was similar across groups. The most powerful predictor of the number of dependence indicators reported by respondents was level of alcohol consumption, independent of ethnicity. A unidimensional model of dependence combining all seven indicators of DSM-IV alcohol dependence fit well across men in all three ethnic groups. These results indicate that both the presentation and factorial structure of DSM-IV alcohol dependence were uniform across White, Black and Mexican-American men in treatment for alcohol problems.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1995

Alcohol, sexual practices, and risk of AIDS among blacks, Hispanics, and whites.

The association of alcohol consumption and unsafe sexual behavior known to increase the risk of HIV transmission was examined among blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Data were obtained from a 1990 general population survey on alcohol use that included questions on sexual behavior. Analyses examined sex and ethnic differences in patterns of sexual behavior and the influence of demographic factors and alcohol use on risky sexual behavior. Patterns of sexual behavior differed by ethnicity and sex, with black and Hispanic men reporting more frequent sexual intercourse and a greater number of sexual partners. Women who were single and heavier drinkers with a longer history of sexual activity and of Hispanic origin were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Men who were younger, single, heavier drinkers, and less religious were more likely to engage in unsafe sex, with black men being most at risk. The association of alcohol with unsafe sexual behavior implies that combining AIDS education with interventions that aim at reducing levels of alcohol use might lead to more effective AIDS prevention programs among high-risk populations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Alcohol and non-fatal injury in the U.S. general population: a risk function analysis.

This paper reports a risk function analysis of average daily volume of alcohol consumed and the frequency of consuming 5 or more drinks during a single day with reporting an injury in a probability sample of the U.S. adult household population living in the 48 contiguous states. The data are from the 1990 National Alcohol Survey on a weighted sample of 1150 respondents, 748 of whom were current drinkers. Risk of injury was found to increase with an average daily volume of 1 drink for both males and females and for those 30 and younger and those over 30, and to increase with a frequency of consuming 5 or more drinks on one day more often than twice a year. These data suggest that risk for injury may be increased at relatively low levels of consumption and, if so, that preventive efforts aimed at more moderate drinkers may have a greater impact on the reduction of alcohol-related accidents than efforts focused on heavier drinkers who are fewer in number.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1995

The association between DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, psychological distress and drug use.

This paper examines the association between DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, psychological distress and the frequency of drug use in a sample of 219 men and 162 women consecutively admitted to nine alcohol treatment programs in a Northern California county. Results show that psychological distress is higher among men who are more severely dependent on alcohol and among those who have lower education; women who are less alcohol dependent and women who are younger have higher scores in psychological distress than other women. With regard to drug use, about 65% of the men and 64% of the women report using a drug other than alcohol at least once a week during the 12 months prior to admission into treatment. Among both men and women, the drugs most frequently used are crack/cocaine, marijuana and methamphetamine. Among men, regression analysis shows that drug use is associated with being younger. Among women results show that the predictors of drug use are being younger, being unemployed, having a higher income, being a heavier drinker and having fewer symptoms of alcohol dependence. These results show a complex pattern of association across alcohol dependence, drug use and psychological distress. Knowledge of this pattern is necessary for tailoring effective clinical interventions to clients with different kinds of comorbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Changes in drinking patterns among whites, blacks and Hispanics, 1984-1992.

OBJECTIVE: This article reports a longitudinal study of drinking patterns among whites, blacks and Hispanics between 1984 and 1992. METHOD: A probability sample including 1,777 whites, 1,947 blacks and 1,453 Hispanics in the U.S. adult household population was interviewed in 1984. In 1992 a subsample consisting of 788 whites, 723 blacks and 703 Hispanics was reinterviewed. Interviews averaging 1 hour in length were conducted in respondents' home by trained interviewers. RESULTS: Abstention increased in all groups with the exception of Hispanic women, among whom it remained stable. Heavy drinking decreased only among white men (from 19% to 12%). Among men, the incidence of heavy drinking was 7% among whites, 10% among blacks and 17% among Hispanics. The stability of heavy drinking was greater among black (51%) and Hispanic men (43%) than among white men (32%). The best predictor of drinking in 1992 was drinking in 1984. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in heavy drinking observed among whites were not observed among blacks and Hispanics. The greater stability of heavy drinking in the minority groups helps to explain higher rates of problems reported in the literature for these two groups. Prevention efforts targeting drinking and heavy drinking among blacks and Hispanics must be renewed and intensified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol dependence: 1990 US National Alcohol Survey.

This paper describes DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol dependence prevalence rates and sociodemographic and drinking correlates. The sample under analysis (n = 2058) constitutes a multicluster probability sample of the US adult household population. The study response rate is 71%. The prevalence rate for current (past 12 month) DSM-IV alcohol dependence is 3.9%, and for current ICD-10 it is 5.5%. Agreement between DSM-IV and ICD-10 on whether respondents are dependent or not is less than optimal (Kappa = 0.67). The predictors of ICD-10 alcohol dependence are the frequency of drinking five or more drinks on occasion and age (inverse relationship). For DSM-IV alcohol dependence the correlates are drinking five or more drinks on occasion, being unemployed and age (also an inverse relationship). Differences in results underline the importance of understanding the variations among DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence and the implications of these differences for epidemiological research. The high prevalence of dependence among young men may be the result of recognizing consequences of episodic heavy drinking as signs of alcohol dependence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol dependence in the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey: operationalizing and comparing two nosological systems.

The criteria for alcohol dependence in both the ICD-10 and DSM-III-R nosologies were measured in a national general population survey, using 24 stem items and follow-ups. For current (12-month) dependence (at the criterion of 3+ components), the rate was 3.2% according to DSM-III-R criteria, and 5.4% according to ICD-10. The Kappa coefficient of agreement between the two systems for classification of individuals as currently dependent was 0.62, and for lifetime diagnosis the Kappa coefficient was 0.68. Prevalence for the individual components of each diagnosis and for the underlying items are given, and the contribution of each component to the overall dependence score is examined. Implications of the results for future epidemiological work with the two classifications are discussed.

Journal Article↗