Obliterate fear, anxiety and pain in ambulatory dental patients.
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Analgesia↗
Biomedical subjects
S M Shane
Publications and source records attributed to S M Shane.
Intravenous amnesia for total dentistry in one sitting.
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Adolescent↗
Intravenous amnesia to obliterate fear, anxiety and pain in ambulatory dental patients.
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Anesthesia, Dental↗
Eastern equine encephalitis in a flock of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae).
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was diagnosed in a flock of emus in southeastern Louisiana. The outbreak involved juvenile and adult breeders ranging in age from 20 to 36 months, with an attack rate of 76% and a case fatality rate of 87%. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation and characterization of the viral agent, and by detection of EEE antibody in two recovered emus. High mortality was preceded by marked depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and emesis of blood-stained ingesta. On postmortem examination, hemorrhagic enteritis and multiple petechia of viscera were observed. Microscopic changes included severe necrosis of hepatocytes, intestinal mucosa, and necrotizing vasculitis of the spleen and lamina propria of the intestine. No nervous system lesions were observed. This outbreak occurred concurrently with EEE in horses and was attributed to unseasonably heavy rainfall with an abundance of arthropod vectors and proximity to free-living reservoir host species.
Animals↗
Persistence of avian influenza viruses in water.
Persistence of five avian influenza viruses (AIVs) derived from four waterfowl species in Louisiana and representing five hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes was determined in distilled water at 17 C and 28 C. Infectivity was determined over 60 days by microtiter endpoint titration. One AIV was tested over 91 days at 4 C. Linear regression models for these viruses predicted that an initial concentration of 1 x 10(6) TCID50/ml water could remain infective for up to 207 days at 17 C and up to 102 days at 28 C. Significant differences in slopes for AIV persistence models were detected between treatment temperatures and among viruses. Results suggest that these viruses are adapted to transmission on waterfowl wintering habitats. Results also suggest a potential risk associated with waterfowl and domestic poultry sharing a common water source.
Animals↗
Effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on persistence of avian influenza viruses in water.
The combined effects of water temperature, salinity, and pH on persistence of avian influenza virus (AIV) were evaluated in a model distilled-water system using three isolates from ducks sampled in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Variables were tested within the ranges normally associated with surface water. Differences were detected between temperature (17 C and 28 C), pH (6.2, 7.2, 8.2), and salinity (0 ppt and 20 ppt), with a strong interactive effect observed between pH and salinity. Estimated persistence of infectivity for 1 x 10(6) mean tissue-culture infective dose of A/mottled duck/LA/38M/87 (H6N2) was longest at 17 C/0 ppt/pH 8.2 (100 days) and shortest at 28 C/20 ppt/pH 8.2 (9 days). Differences in the response to these variables were apparent between viruses. The ability of AIV to persist in surface water was also evaluated using samples collected from varied waterfowl habitats in coastal Louisiana. Observations were consistent with the model system, with duration of infectivity decreasing with increased salinity and pH. This suggests that experimental results may have application to field conditions.
Animals↗
Avian influenza viruses from migratory and resident ducks of coastal Louisiana.
Cloacal and tracheal swabs were collected from 1389 hunter-killed ducks in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, during the 1986 and 1987 waterfowl seasons. Twenty-eight avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from 605 blue-winged teal (Anas discors), 75 mottled ducks (A. fulvigula), 375 gadwalls (A. stepera) and 334 green-winged teal (A. crecca). Prevalence estimates of AIV in ducks sampled during September, November, and December through January were 3.1%, 2.0%, and 0.4%, respectively. Differences in prevalence were detected by season (P = 0.044) and age class (P = 0.036). Two isolations from resident mottled ducks document transmission of AIV on these wintering areas. Much subtype diversity was present, with nine of 13 hemagglutinin (HA) and nine of nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes recovered. Predominant HA and NA subtypes were typical of AIVs commonly associated with waterfowl. Results indicate that AIVs are transmitted in the wintering areas, and, although prevalence is low, these viruses continue to circulate within these duck populations during winter.
Age Factors↗
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in selected domestic and wild birds in Louisiana.
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni was determined in a selected population of domestic and free-living birds submitted for necropsy to the Louisiana State Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. The 445 cases examined included 13 orders of birds and yielded C. jejuni in 45 cases, representing an isolation rate of 10.1%. Prevalence was highest in Galliformes (25.2%), followed by Anseriformes (12.9%) and Columbiformes (8.3%). Only one isolation was made out of 179 Psittaciformes examined. Penner serotypes 1, 2, 4, and 16 were most commonly identified among the C. jejuni isolates. This study emphasizes the importance of Galliformes as reservoirs of C. jejuni. The commonality of these serotypes with isolates derived from humans suggests the zoonotic potential of Galliformes in relation to human campylobacteriosis. The isolation rate of 12.9% in Anseriformes implicates free-living and migratory waterfowl as carriers of C. jejuni. Results confirm that Psittaciformes represent a low risk of C. jejuni infection in humans.
Animals↗
Monitoring under intravenous sedation, complications encountered and how they were treated.
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Adult↗
Enhancement of Campylobacter jejuni virulence by serial passage in chicks.
Four isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were studied to determine changes in virulence following six serial passages in chicks. Chicks that received invasive isolates exhibited diarrhea and depressed weight gain. Immature mice were used to assess virulence of the passaged isolates of C. jejuni. Nine-day-old mice infected with passaged isolates showed lethargy, dehydration, depression, decreased weight gain, and occult blood in feces. Mouse pups inoculated with the third and sixth chick passage levels of an invasive isolate showed significant depression in mean daily weight gain and elevated mortality compared with controls and subjects inoculated with unpassaged isolates. This study demonstrated enhancement of virulence in a C. jejuni isolate following chick passage. In contrast, three other passaged isolates failed to show any consistent increase in virulence.
Animals↗
Is the EKG monitor and defibrillator a hazard or a necessity in the office for sedated or anesthetized ambulatory patients?
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Dental Offices↗
Comparison of two intravenous sedation techniques for percutaneous radio frequency trigeminal rhizotomy. A pilot study.
Conscious sedation, as used in dentistry and oral surgery, has been used satisfactorily to manage patients undergoing the intense pain encountered in radio frequency trigeminal rhizotomy for tic douloureux. The pain produced by this procedure cannot be blocked by local anesthesia. General anesthesia cannot be used because of the need for sensory testing in an awake, cooperative patient. Conscious sedation using alphaprodine, hydroxyzine, methohexital, and intensive behavioral modification was compared with a neuroleptic intravenous sedation technique using droperidol, fentanyl, and thiopental. Patients managed with conscious sedation were found to be more amnestic for the pain of surgery, a difference that persisted six months later.
Aged↗
Conscious sedation for minor gynecologic surgery in the ambulatory patient. A pilot study.
A conscious sedation regimen consisting of alphaprodine, hydroxyzine, and methohexital together with intensive behavior modification was evaluated in an open pilot study for patients undergoing minor gynecologic surgery. This combination was found to result in hemodynamic stability, satisfactory patient compliance, and patient and surgeon acceptance. Patients were unable to recognize words taught to them just after drugs were administered.Electroencephalogram (EEG) changes seen in general anesthesia or deep sedation were not found in the EEG records of a subset of patients. These findings suggest that conscious sedation can provide adequate relief of pain and anxiety for minor gynecologic procedures when local anesthesia can achieve only partial pain relief.
Adult↗
Evaluation of biosecurity in broiler breeders.
The economic impact of management practices designed to limit the introduction of disease into a parent broiler breeder flock (biosecurity) was evaluated using benefit-cost analysis. Equations were developed to quantify the losses resulting from infection with one of four alternative categories of disease representing incremental levels of pathogenicity. Realistic costs and assumed values relating to the probability of infection were used to evaluate the ameliorative effect of three alternative levels of biosecurity. A microcomputer spreadsheet program was used to confirm that expenditure on protective measures can be justified by both the risk of introducing a disease and the magnitude of losses that may occur following infection.
Animal Husbandry↗
Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni by the housefly (Musca domestica).
Houseflies (Musca domestica) were infected with Campylobacter jejuni after being confined for 5 days in a Horsfall isolator containing 25-day-old chickens known to be fecal excretors of the organism. Contaminated flies, when subsequently transferred to a second unit, transmitted C. jejuni to specific-pathogen-free chickens. Allowing a sample of 32 houseflies to ingest C. jejuni in a liquid suspension resulted in recovery rates of 20% from the feet and ventral surface of the body and 70% from the viscera. These experiments demonstrated the potential role of flies in the dissemination of avian campylobacteriosis.
Animals↗
Role of litter in the transmission of Campylobacter jejuni.
Autoclaved or non-autoclaved used broiler litter that was experimentally contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni was capable of infecting specific-pathogen-free chicks maintained in modified Horsfall isolators. Artificially infected chicks became fecal shedders of C. jejuni, resulting in contamination of both autoclaved and non-autoclaved used broiler litter. Fecal shedding of C. jejuni by litter-reared, artificially infected chicks persisted for at least 63 days after chicks were transferred to an isolation unit with a wire floor, which prevented coprophagy. C. jejuni was consistently recovered from water and litter in units housing directly and indirectly infected birds, indicating environmental contamination. These experiments demonstrate the potential role of litter in the perpetuation and transmission of C. jejuni infection in commercial chickens.
Animals↗
Prevalence and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila.
A field survey to determine the prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila revealed a recovery rate of 8% in 141 specimens derived from a range of live, companion, and exotic avian species. The prevalence rate was similar in 240 sequential postmortem submissions during 1984. Studies on the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila showed that 2-to-4-day-old chicks and turkey poults were highly susceptible to exposure via the subcutaneous, yolk-sac, and intracerebral routes, and mortality of 80-100% occurred within 48 hours of inoculation. Ducklings aged 4 days were generally refractory to exposure.
Aeromonas↗
Encephalitis attributed to dactylariosis in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
Dactylaria gallopava was isolated from brain tissue of 1-to-3-week-old quail chicks. Successive batches demonstrated elevated (15-20%) mortality preceded by incoordination and lateral recumbency. Chicks exhibited cerebellar and cerebral encephalitis characterized by brown-red discoloration of affected brain tissue. Decontamination of setters and hatchers resulted in abrupt cessation of mortality in subsequent placements, implicating incubators as the source of infection.
Animals↗