PubMed · 10777406
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C Allen, E N Zalta. 2000-04-14. Dynamic and permanent.. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5464.271d
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This article surveys the various perceptions of the kidney and its pathologies by encyclopedists, preachers, natural philosophers, surgeons and academic physicians around 1300. It focuses on the medical works of Arnau de Vilanova (d. 1311) and shows the medical discourse about the kidney in all its complexity. It draws attention to the incorporation of the medical nephrological debate into the scholastic frame, and to the close links between nephrology and astrology as well as alchemy.
Divanü Lügat-It Türk is a great encyclopaedical work written by Kaşgarli Mahmud in the 11th century. This masterpiece gives us detailed information on the Turkish culture of the time. This paper is constituted of five parts and covers all medical drugs mentioned in the book. On the first part, information is given about the physicians and pharmacists charged in drug preparation. The medical drugs of the 11th century have been listed alphabetically in the second part. This list comprises 190 medical drugs each of which has been shown by their counterparts in the Divan up to its volumes and pages in the original text.
The general popularity of natural history in the eighteenth century is mirrored in the frequency and importance of the more than 4,500 articles on natural history in the Encyclopedie. The main contributors to natural history were Daubenton, Diderot, Jaucourt and d'Holbach, but some of the key animating principles derive from Buffon, who wrote nothing specifically for the Encyclopedie. Still, a number of articles reflect his thinking, especially his antipathy toward Linnaeus. There was in principle a natural tie between encyclopedism, with its emphasis on connected knowledge, and the task of natural historians who concentrated on the relationships among living forms. Both the encyclopedists and the natural historians aimed at a sweeping overview of knowledge, and we see that Diderot's discussions of the encyclopedia were apparently informed by his reading of natural history. Most of the articles on natural history drew from traditional sources, but there are differences in emphasis and choice of subject, depending upon the author. Diderot's 300 contributions are often practical, interesting, and depend upon accounts from other parts of the world. Jaucourt, who wrote more articles on natural history than anyone else, followed in his foodsteps. Daubenton's 900 articles reflected a more narrow, professional approach. His contributions concluded for the most part with Volume 8, and Jaucourt carried on almost single-handedly after that. While staking out traditional ground (description, taxonomy) and advancing newer theoretical views linked with Buffon, natural history in the Encyclopedie avoided almost completely the sentimentalism concerning nature that developed after Rousseau.