PubMed · 13165365
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L E NEWMAN. 1954. Absenteeism.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13165365/
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Bimodal distributions of counts with one mode at zero are often seen in medical research. In a health survey parents were asked the number of days their children missed their activities (Y(1)) and the number of days their children spent in bed (Y(2)) due to illness in the past four weeks. Both variables exhibited zero inflation. We consider a bivariate Poisson-Poisson regression model, in which the two variables are regarded as indicators of an unobserved health status variable. Based on this, we further develop a bivariate Poisson-Poisson model that constrains Y(1)>or=Y(2). It is often claimed that there is a critical window of growth and nutrition in foetal life and infancy during which subsequent health status is affected. It is not clear whether the claim is true and whether childhood growth matters more. We analyse the bivariate data in relation to weight-for-age in infancy and weight gain from infancy to age 7 years. The findings do not support the existence of a critical window in infancy. There is some indication that childhood weight gain might affect health status.
The recruitment, selection and retention of nursing students have become crucial in securing the future workforce required by the NHS. Concerns regarding the academic performance of what is a changing student profile led to an audit being performed to explore the predictive relationship between entry qualifications, age, gender, attendance and academic performance in a cohort of pre-registration Diploma of Nursing students. Data was collated from a cohort of 154 students. Statistical analysis demonstrated that students with higher level entry qualifications performed consistently better than those with lower level qualifications. Mature students, over the age of 26, achieved better average marks in coursework and examinations that their younger peers. Year 1 performance predicted year 3 performance in both examinations and assignments. Non-attendance was shown to have an impact on academic performance with a correlation existing between high absenteeism and poor academic achievement. The findings highlight interesting issues for nurse educators relating to academic student support particularly in first year; recruitment and selection of the most suitable candidates; absenteeism monitoring and curriculum design.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether clinical benefits observed after treatment with infliximab were accompanied by improvement in productivity and reduction in time lost from work in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: Adults with active AS receiving standard antiinflammatory treatment were randomly assigned in a 3:8 ratio to receive infusions of placebo or 5 mg/kg infliximab at weeks 0, 2, 6, and every 6 weeks thereafter through week 24. Physical function was measured using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. The impact of disease on productivity was measured using a visual analog scale (range 0-10). Self-reported employment status and time lost at work before and during the trial were collected. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine factors associated with productivity. RESULTS: Patients treated with infliximab had a more significant reduction in limitations of work and daily activity due to physical or emotional problems than patients treated with placebo. Of the subset of patients employed full time, patients in the infliximab group had a significantly greater improvement in productivity as early as week 6 compared with the placebo group. The median change from baseline in the productivity score at week 24 was 0.7 (median percent change 11%) in the placebo group compared with 2.1 (62%) in the infliximab group (P < 0.05). Daily productivity was significantly correlated with physical function and disease activity at baseline and week 24. CONCLUSION: The daily productivity of patients with active AS was significantly associated with functional impairment and disease activity. Infliximab treatment significantly improved productivity and reduced workday loss among employed patients with AS.