PubMed · 13260380
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J ALAMILLO, H CALDERA, O ANGULO, M SANTOS. 1955-06-01. [Diagnostic problem].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13260380/
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Phasic and tonic motor nerves originating from crayfish abdominal ganglia, in 2-3-day-old cultured explants, display at their transected distal ends growth zones from which axonal sprouts arise. The subcellular morphology of this regenerative response was examined with thin serial-section electron microscopy and reveals two major remodeling features. First, the external sprouts that exit the nerve are a very small part of a much more massive sprouting response by individual axons comprising several orders of internal sprouts confined to the nerve. Both internal and external sprouts have a simple construction: a cytoskeleton of microtubules and populations of mitochondria, clear synaptic vesicles, membranous sacs, and extrasynaptic active zone dense bars, features reminiscent of motor nerve terminals. Close intermingling of the sprouts of several axons give rise to a neuropil-like arbor within the nerve. Thus, extensive sprouting is an intrinsic response of crayfish motor axons to transection. Second, an equally dramatic remodeling feature is the appearance of nuclei, which resemble those of adjacent glial cells, within the motor axons. These nuclei often appear where the adjoining membranes of the axon and glial cell are disrupted and where free-standing lengths of the double membrane are present. These images signify a breakdown of the dividing membranes and assimilation of the glial cell by the axon, the nucleus being the most visible sign of such assimilation. Thus, crayfish motor axons respond to transection by assimilating glial cells that may provide regulatory and trophic support for the sprouting response.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of high-dose whole abdominal and pelvic irradiation (WART) in the treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review was performed on 71 patients with Stage I-III ovarian carcinoma who were treated with WART using an open field technique after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy with or without omentectomy. Whole abdominal doses greater than typically recommended were used in a series of patients to enhance local control and to decrease abdominal recurrence. None of the patients had received chemotherapy before RT. Thirty-one patients received Alkeran or cyclophosphamide and two received cisplatin-based chemotherapy after WART. The median whole abdominal dose was 36 Gy (range 9-45.5), delivered in a median of 30 fractions (range 8-46). A pelvic boost was delivered using AP-PA fields during whole abdominal RT to a total midline pelvic dose of 200 cGy/d. The median pelvic dose was 51 Gy (range 16-59). The right lobe and a portion of the left lobe of the liver were shielded with custom blocks at a median dose of 25 Gy (range 9-41). The kidneys were shielded either AP-PA or PA from the first day of RT. The median dose to the kidneys was 19 Gy (range 4-30). RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival rate was 93%, 48%, and 29% for Stage I, II, and III patients, respectively. On multivariate analysis, stage and the extent of residual disease were independent prognostic factors. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rate for the 46 patients in the intermediate-risk group was 61% and 54%, respectively. For this group, a total abdominal dose of > or /=36 Gy was associated with a longer overall survival independent of stage, grade, and the amount of residual disease. This was most likely due to a significant reduction in the incidence of abdominal recurrence in patients receiving >36 Gy to the whole abdomen (18% vs. 49%, p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed that grade (p = 0.023) and abdominal dose (p = 0.018) were independent factors influencing the rate of abdominal recurrence. Pelvic recurrence was rare as a first site of failure (6%). Twenty-one percent (n = 15) of the patients developed Grade 3 or 4 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group [RTOG] criteria) chronic small or large bowel toxicity. Eleven percent of all patients had a small bowel obstruction requiring surgery. A whole abdominal dose >30 Gy and a pelvic dose >50 Gy were associated with a significant increase in small bowel obstruction (p = 0.01) independent of other factors. Chronic Grade 3 or 4 (Common Toxicity Criteria) anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were seen in 7%, 1%, and 4% of the patients, respectively. Transient liver enzyme elevation was common (62%). Two patients had Grade 3 (RTOG) hepatic toxicity. Grade 3 or 4 renal toxicity (RTOG) was observed in 4%, and 2 patients (3%) were diagnosed with pelvic insufficiency fractures that were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: Survival after RT for ovarian carcinoma rivals that achieved with systemic chemotherapy. The results of this study suggest a possible dose-control relationship between the whole abdominal dose and the risk of abdominal recurrence; however, a higher rate of small bowel obstruction was observed when greater abdominal doses and greater pelvic doses were combined. Careful attention to balancing toxicity and efficacy is imperative if RT is to have a future role in the treatment of this disease.
OBJECTIVE: To compare pathologic findings and results of adrenalectomy for adrenal gland tumors in dogs with and without vena caval tumor thrombi. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 40 dogs with adrenal gland tumors. PROCEDURE: Medical records were examined. An exact logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between tumor type or right-sided versus left-sided tumor involvement and development of caval tumor thrombi and associations between tumor thrombi, tumor type, or right- versus left-sided location and perioperative complications and mortality rate. Survival was compared between dogs with and without tumor thrombi. RESULTS: Caval thrombi were detected in 25% of dogs, including 3 of 28 (11%) dogs with an adrenocortical tumor and 6 of 11 dogs with a pheochromocytoma. A caval tumor thrombus was detected in 6 of 17 right-sided and 4 of 20 left-sided tumors. Sensitivity and specificity of abdominal ultrasonography for detection of caval thrombi were 80 and 90%, respectively. Intraoperative and postoperative complications developed in 15 and 51% of dogs, respectively. The mortality rate was 22%. There were no significant differences in perioperative morbidity and mortality rates between dogs with and without tumor thrombi. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Caval thrombi associated with adrenal gland tumors are amenable to adrenalectomy and thrombectomy without significantly increased perioperative morbidity and mortality rates, assuming the surgeon is experienced in appropriate techniques.