PubMed · 13908545
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F HOLOHAN. 1961. Modified spot scanography.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13908545/
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has been used for over 20 years to investigate recovery of motor function in stroke patients. In particular, it has been used to quantify the extent of damage to the corticospinal output, reorganisation of the cortical representation of the affected body parts and excitability of intracortical and cortico-cortical circuitries in both hemispheres. In this review, we provide a detailed account of most of the published data with particular reference to methodological issues that affect their interpretation.
Experiments using functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans have revealed regions of the parietal lobes that are specialized for particular visuomotor actions, such as reaching, grasping and eye movements. In addition, the human parietal cortex is recruited by processing and perception of action-related information, even when no overt action occurs. Such information can include object shape and orientation, knowledge about how tools are employed and the understanding of actions made by other individuals. We review the known subregions of the human posterior parietal cortex and the principles behind their organization.
Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are a group of rare congenital anomalies affecting the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tract. The rarity of these cases means their embryological origin continues to be a source of controversy. We present the case of a female infant, born at term with a malformed right arm, an absent right kidney and aplasia of the right lung. Although initially asymptomatic she presented at 5 months of age in severe respiratory distress. An upper gastro-intestinal contrast study demonstrated a right broncho-esophageal fistula. At surgical resection it was discovered that the right main bronchus ended abruptly just beyond the carina, with total aplasia of the right lung. A bronchoesophageal fistula originating from the lower third of the esophagus communicated with a sequestered right lobe. The lobe was removed and the fistula ligated. The infant remains well 13 months post surgery. This represents only the twelfth case of this rare form of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. The associated renal and limb malformations make this case unique and may add weight to the theory that the underlying insult to the developing lung is vascular in origin.