PubMed · 14837659
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G AUKEN. 1951. Progressive multiple angioma.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14837659/
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An examination of the feet is an essential component of an evaluation of a newborn. A thorough examination can be performed quickly. Despite its small size, the newborn foot is a complex structure. Most deformities can be diagnosed easily with physical examination alone, using few diagnostic studies. A thorough examination includes assessment of vascular, dermatologic, and neurologic status of the lower extremities, and observation, palpation, and evaluation of joint range of motion in both feet. Common newborn foot abnormalities include metatarsus adductus, clubfoot deformity, calcaneovalgus (flexible flatfoot), congenital vertical talus (rigid flatfoot), and multiple digital deformities-polydactyly, syndactyly, overlapping toes, and amniotic bands. Most treatments include conservative measures, such as observation, stretching, and splinting, which can be performed easily in the family medicine setting. Cases that require surgical correction should be referred to a subspecialist with expertise in correcting lower extremity deformities in children. When surgery is indicated, procedures generally are postponed for six to nine months so that the child will better tolerate anesthesia.
Analysis of footwear characteristics, impressions, and track ways can provide important evidence in a crime scene investigation. In this article, we present examples of how students can be involved in hands-on laboratory-based activities as a means of introducing the forensic sciences. The teaching methodology employs active learning strategies that allow students to discover scientific principles for themselves, develop techniques of critical thinking and problem solving, and gain appreciation for how knowledge arises. By including forensic sciences in the science curriculum, students develop an appreciation for the interrelatedness of all the sciences. From this series of activities, i.e., examining analyses of footprint and footwear impressions, students working as teams will gather information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. Moreover, students will be able to assess the significance of the quality and variability in the data collection process as well as learn the value of controls and experimental design through comparison of results with other groups.
A method is described for quantifying the cellular phosphorus-31 (31P) concentration in human skeletal muscle based on RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) image intensities. The 31P concentrations were calculated using relaxation rates, RF coil spatial characteristics, and RARE signal intensities from foot muscle and an external 31P standard. 31P RARE and 1H T2-weighted images of the foot muscles in 11 normal subjects were acquired at 3.0 T using a double-tuned (31P/1H) birdcage coil. 31P PRESS (point-resolved spectroscopy) spectra were acquired to verify the measurable 31P concentrations in a multiecho acquisition. The mean measured concentration was 26.4 +/- 3.1 mM (mean +/- SD) from RARE signal intensities averaged over the entire imaged foot anatomy and 27.6 +/- 4.1 mM for a 3 x 3 pixel region-of-interest measurement. The 31P RARE image acquisition time was 4 min with a 0.55 cm3 voxel size. These results demonstrate that the 31P concentration can be accurately measured noninvasively in human muscle from RARE images acquired in short scan times with relatively high spatial resolution.