PubMed · 2512719
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V Banţa. 1989. [Causality relationships in active prophylaxis].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2512719/
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Observational studies suggest an association between glioblastoma (GBM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but a causal relationship remains unestablished. This study aimed to investigate the causal link between multiple CVDs and GBM risk. The inverse variance weighted method indicated that all 18 CVDs had significant causal associations with GBM (P < .05). Genetically predicted CVDs were uniformly associated with a lower risk of GBM (odds ratio < 1), identifying them as potential protective factors. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the absence of significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy, and the MR-Steiger test validated the correct causal direction. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study provides evidence that a range of CVDs are causally associated with a decreased risk of developing GBM. These findings suggest shared biological pathways and offer new insights for understanding GBM etiology. We conducted a 2-sample MR analysis using publicly available genome-wide association study data. GBM was the outcome, and 18 cardiovascular-related traits (including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and venous thromboembolism) were exposures. Instrumental variables were single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with exposures (P < 5 × 10-8). The primary analysis used the inverse variance weighted method, supplemented with MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods. Sensitivity analyses, including Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analysis, and MR-Steiger directionality test, were performed to ensure robustness.
Bullet wounds are a rare occurrence during times of peace. Recently, however, there has been a general increase in the number and severity of this type of trauma in our case load. First, the possible firearms and the individual types of ammunition will be discussed. Based on this background, the possible types of wounds are presented. Principally, one distinguishes ricocheting shots from grazing ones, and those leaving bullets lodged in the body from those with perforating wounds. The extent of tissue damage depends on internal lacerations, on the compression of the tissue and on the temporary cavitation along the projectile path. In contrast to other types of injuries, which are caused by a blow or impact to the face or skull, gunshot traumas are characterized by an irregular path, as well as, by localized destruction of bones with associated effects. In this connection, the severity of the bullet wound also depends upon the extent of involvement of the viscerocranium. As causes of gunshot wounds during times of peace, suicidal intent, the negligent handling of firearms and especially brutal crimes are those which come into consideration first and foremost. The diagnostic aspect of firearm wounds, beside anamnesis, comprises comprehensive X-ray diagnostics for a complete picture. From the therapeutic side, tetanus serum and antibiotics as a prophylactic are recommended initially. The operative treatment should take place depending on the injury with the removal of a possible projectile. Bullet wounds always require an interdisciplinary approach to treatment.
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