PubMed · 4035953
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C D West, P Aitken, H Reid. 1985-06-22. Anal surgery.. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.25.675
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With a combination of solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found eight new compounds in the two sympatric Mustela species, M. eversmanni and M. sibirica. These compounds had not been detected by headspace sampling with solvent desorption. Two of the newly detected compounds are nitrogen-containing compounds, indole and o-aminoacetophenone and the remaining are sulfur-containing volatiles. By comparing same and opposite sexes between the two Mustela species, we found that qualitative differences in the anal gland secretion are most likely to be used to code for information about species, corresponding to the idea of digital coding. In the Siberian weasel (M. sibirica), both presence or absence of sex-specific compounds (Z-2-ethyl-3-methylthietane only in females) and relative abundance of some compounds between males and females could be used to code for information about sex, corresponding to the idea of digital and analog coding, respectively. In the steppe polecat (M. eversmanni), only quantitative differences provided the possibility for inter-sexual communication. Thus coding for information about sex appeared to be digital. Coding for individual information could also be either digital or analog or both through the presence or absence of certain compounds and/or the difference in the relative abundances of certain compounds among individuals. Comparing with other Mustela spp., we failed to find a congruence between the chemical composition of anal gland secretions and the phylogenetic relationship among the species in this genus.
OBJECTIVE: To determine complications associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with non-neoplastic anal sac disease and compare complication rates for open versus closed techniques. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 95 dogs. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, type of anal sac disease, surgical technique (closed, standard open [surgery performed prior to 19801, or modified open [surgery performed after 19801), and postoperative complications. RESULTS: In 57 dogs, a closed technique was used, and in 38, an open technique was used. Only 3 dogs developed short-term complications (excessive drainage, scooting and inflammation, and seroma formation), and 14 developed long-term complications (continued licking of the surgery site, fecal incontinence, fistulation, and stricture formation). Development of postoperative complications was significantly associated with surgical technique. Dogs that underwent standard open sacculectomy prior to 1980 were 13.67 times as likely to have a long-term complication as were dogs that underwent closed sacculectomy. Weight of the dog, type of anal sac disease, age at the time of surgery, and whether the wound was closed surgically were not significantly associated with whether dogs developed postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that anal sacculectomy is a safe and effective treatment for non-neoplastic anal sac disease in dogs and is associated with a low rate of complications. The standard open technique was associated with the greatest number of complications, whereas complication rates for the closed and modified open techniques were similar to each other.
This article deals with the cytologic appearance of various glandular tissues located in the subcutaneous tissues. Normal cytologic features are described. In addition, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, and hyperplastic changes are discussed. Most of these features are depicted in the 60+ photomicrographs that are distributed throughout the article. Many of the changes are similar in the glands, and it is usually possible to differentiate the gland of origin based on cytologic appearances. Subcutaneous neoplasms that are not associated with a subcutaneous gland, and lymph node cytology are not covered in this article but are addressed elsewhere.