PubMed · 4156730
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M H Rubinstein, K Ridgway. 1974. Solute migration during granule drying.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb10073.x
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Smooth, rough, and neutral forms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to assess the appropriate conditions for effective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of LPS. Each of these forms of well-defined LPS was tested for the efficiency of antigen coating by various methods as well as to identify an appropriate type of microtiter plate to use. For smooth LPS, the standard carbonate-bicarbonate buffer method was as efficient as the other sensitivity-enhancing plate-coating methods compared. The rough LPS, which has an overall hydrophobic characteristic, was shown to adhere effectively, regardless of the coating method used, to only one type of microtiter plate, CovaLink. This type of plate has secondary amine groups attached on its polystyrene surface by carbon chain spacers, which likely favors hydrophobic interactions between the rough LPS and the well surfaces. Dehydration methods were effective for coating microtiter plates with the neutral LPS examined, which is composed predominantly of a D-rhamnan. For the two dehydration procedures, LPS suspended in water or the organic solvent chloroform-ethanol was added directly to the wells, and the solvent was allowed to dehydrate or evaporate overnight. Precoating of plates with either polymyxin or poly-L-lysine did not give any major improvement in coating with the various forms of LPS. The possibility of using proteinase K- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated LPS preparations for ELISAs was also investigated. Smooth LPS prepared by this method was as effective in ELISA as LPS prepared by the hot water-phenol method, while the rough and neutral LPSs prepared this way were not satisfactory for ELISA.
Starting from L-tyrosine (Tyr) and its metabolites desaminotyrosine (Dat) and tyramine (Tym), four structurally related model dipeptides were prepared: Dat-Tym (neither N- or C-terminus present), Z-Tyr-Tym (N-terminus protected by benzyloxycarbonyl), Dat-Tyr-Hex (C-terminus protected by a hexyl ester group), and Z-Tyr-Tyr-Hex (both N- and C-termini present, protected by benzyloxycarbonyl and hexyl ester, respectively). The model dipeptides were used as monomers in the synthesis of polycarbonates. The polymerization reaction in the presence of either phosgene or triphosgene proceeded via the phenolic hydroxyl groups. Polymers with molecular weights of 105,000-400,000 da (by gel permeation chromatography, relative to polystyrene standards) were obtained. The physicomechanical properties (solubility, mechanical strength, glass transition and decomposition temperature, processibility) of the polymers were determined, and an attempt was made to correlate the polymer properties with the nature of the N- and C-terminus protecting groups. The presence of the urethane bond at the N-terminus protecting group was found to reduce solubility, ductility, and processibility, probably due to interchain hydrogen bonding. The presence of a C-terminus alkyl ester group increased solubility and processibility. Thus, the most promising candidate polymer for biomedical applications was obtained from Dat-Tyr-Hex, the monomer carrying a C-terminus protecting group only. Since very similar results had recently been obtained for a series of structurally related polyiminocarbonates, the structure property correlations seem to be generally valid.
Human serum contains an inhibitor of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) dipeptidase which was separated from the enzyme by ultrafiltration (Amicon, YM-10). Removal of the inhibitor resulted in a 3- to 5-fold increase in total LTD4-dipeptidase activity in the material retained by the filter. Inhibitor activity (which was assayed with a partially purified LTD4-dipeptidase) was recovered in the filtrate. Ultrafiltration of serum using YM-3, YM-1, and YC-05 membranes suggested an inhibitor molecular weight of less than 500. Elution of inhibitor activity from a Bio Gel P2 gel filtration column was identical to the elution pattern of pure carbonate. The inhibitor was heat stable (95 degrees C, 30 min), stable in 0.1 N NaOH, but rapidly inactivated by 0.1 N HCl at both 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Partially purified LTD4-dipeptidase was inhibited by carbonate and phosphate but not by nitrate, sulfate, or chloride. Based on these observations it was concluded that the inhibitor of LTD4-dipeptidase in human serum either was carbonate or required carbonate. The relative concentrations of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 appear to be important parameters in determining the duration and intensity of LT mediated reactions. The relative concentration of carbonate in serum or extracellular fluids might, therefore, be a factor in modulating localized LT mediated responses.