A Common CD36 Variant and the Genetic Landscape of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Individuals of African Ancestry.

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of heart failure that disproportionately affects individuals of African genetic ancestry (AFR), among whom familial clustering of disease is also more pronounced relative to those of European ancestry (EUR). However, established monogenic DCM genes, identified primarily in EUR populations, explain a smaller proportion of DCM cases in AFR populations. A recent study identified a common AFR-specific nonsense variant in CD36 that accounts for a substantial burden of DCM in AFR. How the risk and population impact of this variant compare with those of established genetic causes of DCM is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the contribution of a CD36 nonsense variant to DCM risk with that of truncating variants in TTN and pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in other established DCM genes. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicohort genetic association study including AFR and EUR participants with exome or genome sequence and DCM case status from four datasets: All of Us, Million Veteran Program, Penn Medicine Biobank, and the DCM Precision Medicine Study. EXPOSURE: Carrier status for TTN truncating variants, P/LP variants in 11 high confidence DCM genes, and the CD36 nonsense variant (Y325*; 0, 1, or 2 copies). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Odds of DCM; prevalence of risk-variant carriers among DCM cases; and population attributable fraction (PAF) for DCM. RESULTS: Among 82,623 AFR individuals across four studies, the mean age was 53.4 years and 1,625 had DCM. CD36 Y325* risk-allele homozygotes had 4.8-fold (95% CI, 3.1-7.3) increased odds of DCM, and CD36 Y325* heterozygotes had 1.4-fold (95% CI, 1.2-1.7) increased odds. TTN truncating variants also conferred elevated risk of DCM in AFR participants (OR, 8.46; 95% CI, 5.3-12.3). Among AFR DCM cases, 2.5% were CD36 homozygotes, second only to TTN truncating variants (4.3%) and exceeding all other high-confidence DCM genes combined (1.5%). In population-level analyses incorporating both heterozygous and homozygous CD36 Y325* carriers, the population-attributable fraction for CD36 (9.0%) surpassed that of TTN truncating variants (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: An ancestry-specific CD36 variant contributes more to DCM burden in AFR ancestry than established DCM genes, including TTN truncating variants, typically considered the most common genetic cause of DCM. These findings reshape the known genetic architecture of DCM in individuals of African ancestry and highlight the importance of representation in genomic research.