PubMed · 6709861
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A Castle. Effective affective learning.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6709861/
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A significant amount of preclinical and human data indicate that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has antidepressant effects. Although early studies showing these effects using intravenous TRH were not consistently replicated, it has been suggested that this could be explained by its poor blood-brain barrier penetration. For this reason we compared the antidepressant effect of intrathecal and intravenous TRH administered in a double-blind design to 2 treatment-refractory patients with bipolar II disorder. Each experienced a robust antidepressant response by both routes; subsequent open trials of intravenous TRH also were effective until apparent tolerance developed. Intrathecal TRH was readministered and both subjects again experienced robust antidepressant responses. These preliminary data suggest a differential mechanism of tolerance to the two routes of administration and raise the possibility that a subgroup of patients may be responsive to the antidepressant effects of TRH independent of its route of administration.
There is strong evidence in the literature that human evaluative conditioning can occur in the absence of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-UCS) (contingency) awareness, yet this evidence has been disputed on methodological grounds. The current study replicated evaluative conditioning with some procedural modifications, including the use of mental imagery as a way of associating a UCS with a CS picture, and tests of long-term retention of contingency memory and preference ratings. While the acquisition of evaluative responses was found to be significantly dependent upon contingency awareness (especially for pairings with unpleasant images), preference ratings for the CSs 2 months later were still biased by their associated images but subjects could not recall the image for more than 90% of the pictures. These results demonstrate that performance of the evaluative response can occur independently of conscious memory for the contingencies involved, provide further support for a model which supposes the existence of dissociative storage structures in human classical conditioning.
Meta-accuracy, knowing how others view the self, was examined using the Social Relations Model. Fifteen groups of 4-6 acquainted individuals gave self-ratings, perceptions of other group members, and estimated others' perceptions of self (metaperceptions) on the Big Five and Interesting. Individuals also rated liking and metaperceptions of liking. Trait perceptions were consensual, and self-other agreement emerged for most traits. Affect judgments were entirely relational; individuals differentiated among targets. Trait metaperceptions were dominated by perceiver variance. Individuals differed in the impression they believed others generally held about them. Affect metaperceptions, however, were relational in nature. Correlations between perceptions and metaperceptions assessed 2 types of meta-accuracy. Generalised meta-accuracy was obtained for some trait ratings. Affect judgments revealed significant dyadic meta-accuracy.