PubMed · 6830302
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P Bateson. 1983. Sensitive periods in behavioural development.. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.58.2.85
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In a long-term, prospective, control study, 20 extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants with birth weights between 500 and 900 g (mean 755 (SD 109) g) and gestational ages between 24 and 30 weeks (mean 26.2 (SD 1.8) weeks) were compared with 20 full-term infants at 4 years of age for growth, health, development and quality of life. Four of 20 (20%) ELBW children had major neurological disorders, which were all identified at the 1-year assessment. Seventeen (85%) ELBW children had cognitive development, assessed with the Griffiths mental development scale, within the normal range for age but lower than for full-term controls. The greatest deviations between ELBW and full-term children were found in locomotor and visual-motor integration functions. Eight ELBW children in all (40%), four with recurrent respiratory tract infections after neonatal mechanical ventilation and the four children with major neurological disorders had a higher rate of visits to physicians and hospital admissions. The behavioural symptom interview showed an increased rate of hyperactivity and difficulties in concentrating but not of general behavioural deviations in the ELBW group. Only by school age can all aspects of an extremely early birth be evaluated, but at 4 years of age, 85% of the ELBW children in our group had a good quality of life according to Scheffzek's categorizations.
The purpose of this study was to examine tracking of physical activity at home and recess in young children. Three hundred fifty-one Mexican-American and Anglo-American children entered the study (mean age = 4.4 yr), and 83% completed 2 yr of measurement. Physical activity was directly observed on 10 d over 2 yr. Measurement waves occurred every 6 months, and each wave consisted of 2 d of observation within 1 wk. Children were observed for 60 min at home on a weekday evening and up to 30 min during recess at preschool or school. Maximum likelihood procedures using a linear mixed-effects model indicated that most of the variance in home and recess physical activity was accounted for by short-term/weekly factors. Tracking of physical activity accounted for 15% of the total variance at home and 8% at recess. Pearson correlations for physical activity over time were higher at home than at recess. Tracking of home physical activity was r = 0.15 when single days were correlated and r = 0.36 when the means of 4 d were correlated. There was a small, but detectable, stable component of physical activity in young children, at least at home.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of overt and covert task-oriented verbalizations on kindergarteners' waiting behavior in the situation where the attractiveness of games was varied. One hundred and twenty kindergarteners, 4-6 years olds, were prohibited to touch the games while they were waiting for the experimenter who was out of the room to come back. High and low attractive situations were set by manipulating the attractiveness of games. In each situation, three treatment conditions were used: overt task-oriented verbalization, covert task-oriented verbalization, and no verbalization conditions. Subjects under the verbalization conditions were asked to respond to the buzzer signals during the waiting period by saying "don't touch the games" either aloud (overt condition) or silently moving lips (covert condition). Transgression latency was used to measure the effect of verbalization on waiting behavior. The results were as follows: (1) The overt task-oriented verbalization was effective in the low attractive situation, but not in the high attractive situation. (2) The covert task-oriented verbalization was not effective in both the high and low attractive situations.