PubMed · 6907215
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S Jenkins. 1980. The developing child: behaviour problems in the young child.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6907215/
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We report on two boys, monozygotic twins born to normal and nonconsanguineous parents, presenting with an unusual facial appearance, cortical atrophy, dolichocephaly, short stature, cleft palate, micrognathia, prominent upper central incisors, bilateral Sidney line, minor foot deformities, unstableness in walking, early hypotonia, hyperreflexia, hyperactivity, psychomotor retardation, and severe delay in language development. These manifestations resemble those previously described in the Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome.
We examined 10:30 a.m. salivary cortisol levels in twenty-four 2-year-old children at home, and then at several points during transition into preschool: Week 1, Weeks 6-9, and the 1st week following a month-long holiday break. Cortisol levels did not increase when the children first started school as compared to either home or later school levels. Cortisol levels were correlated across similar, but not across dissimilar, psychosocial contexts. Home levels were correlated wit more shy, anxious, internalizing behavior while the response to starting school was correlated with more assertive, angry, and aggressive behavior. Behavior was assessed using parent temperament reports, teacher reports, and observational measures. We conclude that HPA activity as indexed by salivary cortisol measures is differentially associated with behavior in familiar and novel contexts. Consistent with our prior work, shy/anxious behavior is not significantly associated with elevations in cortisol when young children enter new social situations.
The frequency of cerebral palsy increases with decreasing gestational age affecting approximately 7% of survivors with birth weights less than 1500 g (very low birth weight, VLBW) [7]. In addition, low birth weight (birth weight less than 2500 g, LBW) and VLBW children without cerebral palsy or other major neurohandicaps have an increased frequency of "new morbidities" including learning disabilities, behavioural problems, lower mean IQ, and motor clumsiness compared to normal birth weight peers [15, 16, 20]. However, understanding is still lacking regarding the nature and frequency of such problems, predisposing risk factors, and the relationship of such problems with parental factors, including socio-economic status. A fundamental concept for understanding the large and often confusing literature on LBW and later neurobehavioral development is that LBW may have many different aetiologies, with varying relative frequency in different populations, which probably have different degrees of associated risk for impairment of later development.