PubMed · 7360475
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A McPherson. 1980. 'Constructing' recognition for female laborers.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7360475/
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This paper describes the development of the "Chicago Children's Supervision Taxonomy" which operationally defines supervision based on the age of an injured child and the ages, familiarity, and proximity of that child's companions. The reliability, coverage, and utility of this taxonomy are illustrated by its application to 142 cases of urban childhood pedestrian injury. All cases were unambiguously classified with good interrater reliability. Most injured children were in unsupervised groups (42%) but 36% had supervisors nearby, thus, supervisor presence does not guarantee protection. Supervising more than one child (especially likely when the supervisor was a teenager) may increase injury risk compared with one-to-one supervision. The taxonomy provides a needed framework adaptable for describing direct supervision in most child injury situations and can facilitate studies of more complex aspects of supervision.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how using a wheelchair with rear-wheel camber (when the bottoms of the wheels are farther apart than the tops) is associated with the risk of instability incidents, and to determine the effect of camber on wheelchair stability. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS: Epidemiologic data were analyzed from a sample of 576 users of manually propelled wheelchairs in Nova Scotia. A controlled trial was performed using a representative wheelchair occupied by an anthropomorphic test dummy, altering the camber in 5 degrees increments from -15 degrees to +15 degrees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For the epidemiologic study, univariate and multivariate analyses were used. To measure the static stability, a tilting platform was used according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization. RESULTS: Camber users reported significantly more instability incidents; of these incidents, more were in the rear direction (40% vs 27%) and fewer in the lateral direction (17% vs 28%) (p < .01). When controlling for other factors, camber was associated with a 3.91-fold increased risk of sustaining an instability incident (p < .001). With increases in camber angle in the laboratory, lateral and forward stability increased and rear stability decreased (with the wheels unlocked and locked) (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Camber use is negatively associated with instability incidents in the lateral direction and positively associated with incidents in the backward direction, probably due in part to the effects of camber on lateral and rear stability.
Injury is a leading cause of death and disability. Preventing injuries from ever occurring is primary injury prevention (PIP). The objective of this statement is to present the consensus of a 16-member panel of leaders from the out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) community on essential and desirable EMS PIP activities. Essential PIP activities for leaders and decision makers of every EMS system include: protecting individual EMS providers from injury; providing education to EMS providers in PIP fundamentals; supporting and promoting the collection and utilization of injury data; obtaining support for PIP activities; networking with other injury prevention organizations; empowering individual EMS providers to conduct PIP activities; interacting with the media to promote injury prevention; and participating in community injury prevention interventions. Essential PIP knowledge areas for EMS providers include: PIP principles; personal injury prevention and role modeling; safe emergency vehicle operation; injury risk identification; documentation of injury data; and one-on-one safety education.