PubMed · 7403384
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N B Ralph. 1980. Learning psychotherapy: a developmental perspective.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7403384/
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The prefrontal cortex is implicated in such human characteristics as volition, planning, abstract reasoning and affect. Frontal-lobe damage can cause disinhibition such that the behaviour of a subject is guided by previously acquired responses that are inappropriate to the current situation. Here we demonstrate that disinhibition, or a loss of inhibitory control, can be selective for particular cognitive functions and that different regions of the prefrontal cortex provide inhibitory control in different aspects of cognitive processing. Thus, whereas damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) in monkeys causes a loss of inhibitory control in attentional selection, damage to the orbito-frontal cortex in monkeys causes a loss of inhibitory control in 'affective' processing, thereby impairing the ability to alter behaviour in response to fluctuations in the emotional significance of stimuli. These findings not only support the view that the prefrontal cortex has multiple functions, but also provide evidence for the distribution of different cognitive functions within specific regions of prefrontal cortex.
Findings from basic neuroscience have provided information on the effects of estrogen on brain morphology and chemistry that explain how this sex steroid may influence brain function. The clinical literature shows that estrogen enhances mood and specific aspects of cognitive functioning in postmenopausal women. There is also evidence that estrogenic effects on various psychological functions are dissociable and specific. Although several recent epidemiologic case-control studies have suggested a protective effect of estrogen against Alzheimer disease, these findings need to be verified by prospective, controlled investigations.
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