PubMed · 7547773
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G H Barker. 1995. A classical dilemma.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11442.x
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This study surveyed nutrition education materials which are low in cost, brief and the type most used in patient education to determine which might be useful with low literacy clients. Readability of 209 pamphlets from professional health organizations, commercial organizations, government agencies, and educational institutions was assessed using three different tests. Using the Flesch and Raygor tests, materials from educational institutions had significantly lower reading levels than materials from professional organizations and government agencies. No significant differences were seen among the sources using the Fry test. Sixty-eight percent (142) of the publications were written at ninth grade level or higher. Eleven percent (24) scored at sixth grade or below on either the Fry or Raygor scale. Only two publications were written at the third grade level. Many of the publications reviewed can be read and understood by many Americans, but there were few for the millions that have limited literacy skills.
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RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We compared subjective and objective measures of imaging performance using variations of Rose- and Burger-type low-contrast phantoms with trained (radiology residents) and untrained (graduate students) observers. METHODS: With one phantom variant, observers indicated the total number of objects seen when test objects were presented in a regular pattern (subjective). With the second phantom variant, observers stated whether a low-contrast disk was present in each locale, thereby permitting the true-positive fraction and false-positive fraction to be determined (objective). RESULTS: The untrained-observer group had a significantly lower imaging performance than the trained observer group in subjective tests. These differences were not found on objective tests. For the trained-observer group, similar contrast levels were required in subjective and objective tests to yield a 50% rate of detection. CONCLUSION: Trained observers are superior subjects compared with untrained observers for assessing imaging performance using subjective low-contrast phantoms. In experiments using phantoms that allowed objective testing, both groups of observers yield similar results.