PubMed · 7955007
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T A Yemen. 1994. Drug errors.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03011597
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BACKGROUND: Health systems worldwide face persistent health workers challenges including nursing shortages, workforce strain, and inequities. In Canada, these challenges have prompted renewed national and provincial reforms to strengthen recruitment, retention, leadership, and sustainability. This paper compares nursing workforce policy directions across Canada, and international jurisdictions to inform policy and planning. METHODS: A cross-country comparative analysis of policies building on a comprehensive national funded review that included an umbrella review of 69 systematic reviews, a comparative policy review of nursing workforce strategies in five jurisdictions, and validation through national horizon-scanning and policy dialogues (n >100). Evidence was analyzed across system, organizational, and individual levels. RESULTS: At the system level, international jurisdictions demonstrate comprehensive, legislated approaches integrating data, governance, and multi-year funding have advanced key nursing strategies. In Canada, the advances show the importance of strategies to have national and provincial/territorial alignment emphasizing leadership, flexibility, and inclusion as key levers. Organizational and individual-level reforms such as mentorship, leadership development, and wellness initiatives are expanding but remain variably evaluated. Experts identified national workforce data strategies and policy integration with embedded evaluation as key enablers to inform scalability and sustainability of implemented strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Canada's nursing workforce reforms are advancing toward coordinated, equity-driven, and evidence-informed strategies. Continued investment in evaluation, leadership, and national integrated data systems along with integrating nursing workforce planning within broader intersectoral planning will consolidate these gains and position Canada as an international leader in sustainable nursing workforce policy.
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Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a safe and effective treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but the cost of this drug has raised concerns regarding cost-effectiveness. The aim of our study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of UDCA in PBC. We compared the costs and outcomes of managing PBC patients with and without UDCA. From two previously published trials, the effectiveness of UDCA was determined by comparing the annual reduction in the development of ascites, varices, variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, liver transplantation, and death between the treatment groups. Average annual costs for each of these events were estimated based on literature and institutional data. Approximately twice as many major events occurred in the placebo group compared with the UDCA group. The relative risk (RR) of liver transplantation (1.95; 95% CI: 1.14-3.68) and development of esophageal varices (3. 11; 95% CI: 1.57-10.65) were significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the UDCA group. There were no significant increases in the RR of ascites, variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, or death between the two groups. Based on the estimated annual cost of managing these events and the annual costs of UDCA ($2,500), there was an annual cost savings per patient of $1,372. Compared with the placebo group, patients receiving UDCA had a lower incidence of major complications and lower medical care costs.