PubMed · 801121
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E F Murphy. 1976. Prosthetics.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/801121/
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The regulative potential of the fore-limb region following the removal of the limb bud was investigated in 11.5-day rat embryos. Fore-limb buds were amputated from a total of 54 embryos. Five embryos were immediately examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the quality of the operation and the reproducibility of the technique. In all cases, the forelimb bud and adjacent tissues extending down to the celomic cavity at the same level were completely removed. The remaining 49 operated embryos were cultured in vitro and examined at different time intervals. Gross inspection of embryos which had been cultured for 24 h, revealed that 24 out of 37 had developed a pair of limb bud-like protrusions at the operation site. Twelve formed only a single protrusion, while nothing was found in the remaining embryo. These protrusions were examined in greater detail under SEM and light microscopy. SEM observations showed that these protrusions were covered with an intact layer of ectoderm. In embryos with a pair of protrusions, these outgrowths developed opposite somites 7 to 13. The failure of either one of these two outgrowths to form, produced our second type of experimental embryo, those which had just a single protrusion. Histological examination revealed that an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) was discernible on the protrusions of 36% of the embryos. Finally, we have established how these protrusions were constructed from SEM observations of operated embryos cultured for 6 h and 10 h.
Although normal pressures at the stump socket interface of the lower-limb amputee have been investigated, little is known about the shear stresses that also occur. Studies suggest that the combination of both shear and normal stresses significantly exacerbates discomfort and vascular and tissue damage. A means of simultaneously measuring normal and shear stresses will aid in the investigation and improvement of prosthetic fit. A miniature triaxial force transducer (4.9 x 16 mm diameter) has been developed which can be recessed into the socket wall. The principle of operation, construction, performance and limitations of the device are described. Preliminary measurements of the interface stress variations over the gait cycle in a supra-condylar PTB socket are presented. These show clear differences in the stress patterns present when two different prosthetic feet are used.