[Skin cleansing and bath therapy in skin diseases. Part 2: Skin cleansing in dermatoses, bath therapy].
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Acne Vulgaris↗
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Human skin proteases: effect of separated proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in skin.
The effect of human skin proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in rabbit skin was investigated. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing trypsin substrate effectively increased vascular permeability. This effect was not inhibited by antihistamine, but almost totally so by Trasylol. The reaction was protracted. Leukocyte emigration in skin, primarily of PMN-cells at 12 hrs, and later a migration of mononuclear cells, also resulted. Swelling of the dermal fibres was noted. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing chymotrypsin substrate also increased vascular permeability, but this phenomenon was effectively inhibited by antihistamine and the reaction was of brief duration. The leukocyte emigration caused by this enzyme was remarkable. The acid proteases of human skin resembling cathepsin B1 and D also caused brief increased vascular permeability, which was effectively inhibited by antihistamine. The cellular reactions to these acid proteases were mild. The role of protease inhibitors in skin in the enzyme reactions is discussed.
Animals↗
Diisopropylfluorophosphate-evoked inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin: decrease of the inhibition by storing the skin specimens.
Antigen-induced histamine release from human skin slices passively sensitized with reaginic serum in vitro was inhibited by DFP, suggesting involvement of serine esterase activation in the reaction. The magnitude of DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release was not the same in each skin sample and no correlationship was observed between the magnitude of the DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release and that of the histamine release in the absence of DFP. The magnitude of the histamine release in the presence of DFP was smaller in the fresh skin than in the stored skin, whereas that in the absence of DFP was greater in the former than in the latter. The inhibitory effect of cytochalasin B on the anaphylactic histamine release from fresh and stored human skin was the reverse of the effect of DFP. The present results indicate that the magnitude of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin does not match that of the activation of serine esterase in the reaction, suggesting the possibility that there may be some factor modulating the activation of serine esterase in the anaphylactic reaction in human skin.
Antigens↗
[Way of drying the skin and the renewal of skin surface activity].
The author tried to evaluate the impact of the way of drying the skin upon the renewal of its surface acidity, using a linen towel, paper towel, cellucotton and a stream of dry air. 20 persons were evaluated. Prior to the study, 1% solution of "BHP" soap had been put on their skin. PH was measured at the skin surface by a pH-meter (produced by "Radelkis") using a combined glass and calomel electrode. This method of skin drying was considered the best one, after which the average time of pH value renewal on the skin surface was the shortest, which amounted to the recovery of pH to the initial value. The way of drying the skin was found to have a significant impact on the time of pH renewal. The results were indicative of advisability of the use of linen towels.
Detergents↗
Human skin grafts from mixed lymphocyte culture-positive donors provide help for the rapid rejection of simultaneously transplanted skin grafts from mixed lymphocyte culture-negative donors.
The influence of grafting more than one skin transplant simultaneously on one recipient was investigated. When a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)-negative skin was transplanted along with an MLC-positive skin, the MLC-negative skin survived for a significantly shorter time than when transplanted alone. This indicated that the MLC-positive skin provided a stimulus that could provide help to reject the MLC-negative skin. This finding might be important clinically. When an MLC-negative transplant is given to a patient, one should not transfuse this patient with MLC-positive leukocyte-rich blood.
Graft Rejection↗
[Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].
The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora. In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers. There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers.
Actinomycetales↗
Immunoglobulin deposits in lepromatous leprosy skin. Presence of deposits in apparently uninvolved skin and occurrence of serum antiepithelial antibodies.
Immunoglobulin deposits were detected in ten of 13 biopsy specimens from apparently uninvolved skin of patients with lepromatous leprosy. There were deposits of IgM at the dermoepidermal junction in the skin of five patients, and deposits of IgM along the dermal collagen and elastic fibers in the skin of the other five. The deposits were eluted with acid buffers and high molarity salt solution. Circulating IgG antibodies to intercellular substance of epithelial cells, similar to those present in pemphigus vulgaris, were found in 25% of patients with lepromatous leprosy who were studied. These antibodies appeared to be different from the skin-bound immunoglobulin deposits.
Adult↗
[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].
The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.
Actinomycetales↗
[Skin transplantation in the study of chemical carcinogenesis. III. Reduced papilloma-formation after initiation during epidermal hyperplasia induced by skin grafting or by a single application of the cocarcinogen TPA].
Skin autografting or a single painting with the cocarcinogen TPA was used to induce epidermal hyperplasia in the back skin of C3H mice. Initiation by intragastric application of the carcinogen DMBA during this state of hyperplasia and subsequent promotion by repeated application of the cocarcinogen TPA led to decreased papilloma-formation, as compared to mice of a control group which had not been pretreated before initiation. Reports by others referring to increased susceptibility of replicating epidermal cells to the effect of initiation thus cannot be confirmed. The reduction of papilloma-formation can most probably be ascribed to effects of local inflammation, either preferentially but unspecifically damaging initiated cells, or facilitating a specific immune response against tumor-associated transplantation antigens of prospective tumor cells.
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
Nitrosomethylurea (MNU): a powerful carcinogen for mouse skin. A study utilising the tetrazolium test (TZT) and topical skin applications.
Nitrosomethylurea (MNU) was tested with the tetrazolium test for skin carcinogens with positive results. 39 hairless mice were painted once a week with a 1% solution of MNU in acetone. After 18 weeks all the animals bore tumours and 90% had skin carcinomas. Hence, the strong carcinogenic potency of MNU was confirmed, and the validity of the tetrazolium test was given further support.
Animals↗
The direct demonstration of histamine release in allergic reactions in the skin using a skin chamber technique.
We have adapted a skin chamber technique to permit sampling of fluid at the skin window sites of pollen antigen-induced allergic reactions. Low background levels of histamines are formed in control chambers, whereas significantly increased (p less than 0.01) amounts are found within 30 min following ragweed application in sensitized subjects.
Antigens↗
Uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin of healthy women and in the skin of patients with acne vulgaris.
Skin samples of interscapular region were taken from healthy women and patients with Acne vulgaris. The material was incubated with 3H-testosterone. The incubation of a part of the material was preceeded by an incubation with the unlabelled testosterone. An autoradiography was employed to detect and localize an uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin. A significantly greater 3H-testosterone uptake was noted in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair sheaths and, in patients with Acne vulgaris, also within hair sacs and comedons.
Acne Vulgaris↗
[Interactions of Shope papilloma virus with SV40 in adult domestic rabbit cell lines derived from normal skin or from Shope papilloma virus infected skin (author's transl)].
Three cell lines from adult domestic rabbit are infected with SV40: LP 17 and LP 45 derived from normal skin and LP 42 PS derived from skin infected for 24 h with Shope papilloma virus. The fibroblastic morphology of the cultures is not changed. SV40 is not recovered and T antigen is only detected in LP 42 PS cell line after 29 passages. To know if Shope papilloma virus facilitates penetration of SV40, cultures of LP 45 are first infected with Shope papilloma virus for 2 h and for 24 h, then superinfected with SV40. There is no cellular alteration, and T antigen induced by SV40 is only detected in cells pretreated for 24 h with Shope papilloma virus, after 20 passages. When cultures LP 45 are infected with Shope papilloma virus neutralized with a high titer antiserum and superinfected with SV40, T antigen is not detected. Superinfected cells containing specific SV40 T antigen do not induce tumors either in new born hamsters or in rabbits but they are able to grow in colonies in soft agar. LP 42 PS cell line and LP 45 cells infected with Shope papilloma virus for 24 h containe Shope papilloma virus genome which is able to modify the permissivity of rabbit cells to SV40.
Animals↗
The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction. II. Characterization of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovine gamma-globulin-induced skin reaction in guinea pigs.
Macrophage-chemotactic factors were extracted from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. The most active factor, MCFS--1, was highly purified and found to be a heat-labile protein with a molecular weight of 150,000 and to possess in vivo as well as in vitro activity. This factor was homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the chemotactic activity was associated exclusively with this band. Further characterization revealed that its isoelectric point was 6.7 to 6.9 and made a single arc in the beta-globulin region with rabbit antiserums against guinea pig serum on immunoelectrophoresis. This factor seemed to be antigenically different from immunoglobulin G (IgG) by immunodiffusion and immunoadsorption. On the other hand, the chemotactic activity of MCFS-2 was adsorbed by neither anti-IgG nor anti MCFS-1 and that of euglobulin fraction was partially adsorbed by anti-IgG. These indicate the presence of at least three types of antigenically different chemotactic factors for macrophages in the extracts of delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions.
Animals↗
The main neutral protease of rat skin is a mast cell enzyme. Immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in rat skin with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex method.
The highly sensitive PAP immunoperoxidase method was used to localize the main neutral protease of rat skin. The use of the neutral detergent, Triton X-100, in the reagent and washing solutions was observed to effectively decrease the nonspecific staining. The specific staining was localized to the mast cell granules.
Animals↗
[Hydroxylation of skin collagen in relation to age: analyses of the human skin].
The results of human skin analysis are demonstrated. It has been pointed out, that the content of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, in addition to the usual variation as the other aminoacids varies extensively. The extent of hydroxylation was estimated from the relation of OH-aminoacids to (not hydroxylated) each other. The determined variation of the results is most probably due to a different collagen hydroxylation within the biological dispersion. An age-related degree of hydroxylation could not be detected.
Adult↗
The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. I. Purification of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovien gamma-globulin-induced skin reactions in guinea pigs.
A macrophage-chemotactic factor (MCFS) was extracted in the pseudoglobulin fraction from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. Its chemotactic activity was estimated by a modification of Boyden's method using Nuclepore filter. After chromatography of the protein fraction using Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose, in that order, two chemotactic fractions were obtained. The chemotactic factor with stronger activity (MCFS-1) was further highly purified (488-fold) by chromatography on CM-Sephadex. This factor migrated in a single band on acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and was found to be a protein that was free of nucleic acid. Gel filtration showed that its molecular weight was similar to that of IgG. Its chemotactic activity was heat labile. Intradermal injection of this factor into normal guinea pigs induced a pronounced mononuclear cell emigration from venules. These findings are pertinent to understanding macrophage reaction in the delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Am J Pathol 87:359-374, 1977).
Animals↗
Dissociation of discrimination of skin warming from skin cooling by morphine in monkeys.
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Animals↗