PubMed · 8460823
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I F Russell. 1993. Information processing under anaesthesia.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06937.x
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Studies have found that naltrexone, a long-acting opiate antagonist, owing to poor patient compliance, is of limited value in preventing relapse. The current study investigates compliance with a 9-month course of naltrexone (25-50 mg daily) given with counseling after ultra-rapid opiate detoxification which uses clonidine and naltrexone under general anesthesia. Eighty-three of 113 randomly selected patients (out of 640), who were detoxified more than 1 year prior (average 1.5 years), responded to phone interviews. Phone questionnaire asked about patients' compliance with naltrexone, counseling and drug use since detoxification. Similar interviews were also conducted with patients' significant other. Non-relapse patients (n = 47, 57%) took naltrexone an average of 2 months longer than did relapse patients (n = 36, 43%). About half of the non-relapse patients completed at least 5 months of naltrexone, 30% completed at least 7 months and about 20% completed 9 months. Fifty-five percent of the relapse patients stopped using naltrexone by the end of the 3rd month, and by the end of 7th month 10% continued to take it. After the first 2 months the decline in naltrexone compliance was about the same for relapse and non-relapse patients. These results are more encouraging about the use of naltrexone for relapse prevention than previous studies. This method of using naltrexone should be further tested in prospective random assignment controlled studies.
The aim of this report is to expose several improvements which are essential for obtaining good recordings from the basal side of the olfactory mucosa of awake rats with Ag-AgCl electrodes implanted through holes drilled in the roof of the nasal bone. In a first step, we present how this minimally invasive method was developed and validated in anesthetized rats. We insist particularly on several important points such as the size and form of the electrode tip, the careful deposit of silver chloride on this tip or the location of the implanting site. Then we demonstrate that the recorded signals have the characteristics of an electro-olfactogram (EOG), i.e that they have a local origin, that they change with odors and concentrations, and that they do not appear during pure air delivery, nor after ipsilateral nostril closure. Lastly we show that this method was successfully utilized in awake rats. In provided data demonstrating the rhythmicity of EOGs in freely-breathing animals and allowed us to study their relationships with respiration.