PubMed · 8824069
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K A Nieforth. 1996. Chilling can cause problems.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8824069/
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A number of experiments were performed to illustrate the unusual versatility of Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as an ionophore. New ions shown to be transported by it from and to water layers through a model membrane (CH2Cl2) include H3O+, Li+, Pb2+, Co2+, piperidinium ion, guanidinium ion, and Paraquat, while two complex ions resisted transport under the conditions used. "Reverse" transport of lipophilic guests (azobenzene, azulene, ferrocene) from and to organic solvents through water was also promoted by Tween 80, but C60 was not carried. Three water molecules were transported per molecule of KSCN by the Tween.
The pressure susceptibility (chip), which is defined as the decrease of porosity (epsilon) under pressure was investigated. Of special interest are compacts obtained at very low pressures, because of the transition between the state of a powder and the state of a tablet. This range was found to be critical in respect to a diverging pressure susceptibility. Above a critical porosity (epsilonc) or below the corresponding relative density (rhoc), no pressure susceptibility can be defined, because of no rigid structure exists. To take this into account, a simple function was proposed for the pressure susceptibility: chip approximately 1/(epsilonc - epsilon). This proposal leads to a new porosity vs pressure relationship. The new model was compared to the Heckel equation that involves a constant pressure susceptibility. Various polymers were tested from "out of die" measurements, and the new relationship was found superior to the Heckel equation. As a conclusion, the pressure susceptibility exhibits a curvature that can be called critical at low relative densities. Consequently, a better understanding evolves as to why the Heckel equation is not valid at low pressures. The new model has proven to be adequate for polymer tablets but, so far it is not clear whether other substances exhibit the same performance. Especially tableting materials exhibiting brittle fracture will be of interest considering their importance in compaction technology.
The purpose of this study was to assess certain pharmaceutical attributes of guar galactomannan, a hydrocolloid polysaccharide obtained from the endosperm of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.), following purification using both literature procedures and new processes. Experiments were performed to measure viscosity, hydration rate, tablet hardness, and dissolution profiles of guar galactomannan both before and after purification. The viscosity of an aqueous 1% purified galactomannan solution is typically 40-50% higher than its unpurified guar galactomannan precursor. The hydration rate of an aqueous 1% purified galactomannan solution increases by 100% after purification. These physicochemical changes resulted in improvements in pharmaceutical properties such as better stir speed independence in both tablet and capsule dissolution profiles and improved tablet hardness. For instance, time to 50% dissolution of ranitidine HCl from capsules containing unpurified guar gum was 0.4 and 1.8 hr at 20 and 40 rpm, respectively, using USP Apparatus II. Using the same amount of purified guar gum and the same conditions (20 and 40 rpm), these values were increased to 2.9 and 3.8 hr, respectively. These data demonstrate a reduced effect of changing agitation conditions and the need for less guar gum to sustain the release of a water-soluble drug. Tablet hardness of purified guar gum (particle size < 75 microns) was about 7 kP and the same unpurified guar gum of equal particle size and hydration gave a hardness of less than 1 kP.