PubMed · 9231463
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Y Scott, B McArdle, P I Parker. 1997. Column agglutination technologies.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9231463/
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Faeces samples from 218, 1 to 30-day-old, diarrheic dairy calves in 65 dairy herds were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, F5 Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Calves were grouped according to their age as follows: 1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 22-30 days. Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 43.8%, 71.9%, 63.2% and 6.9% of the calves in the respective age groups. Significant differences in the detection rate of Cryptosporidium were found between the age group 22-30 days and all other age groups, and between the age group 1-7 days and the age groups 8-14 days and 15-21 days. Cryptosporidium was the only enteropathogen detected in 60 of the 114 (52.6%) diarrheic calves. Concurrent infections with other enteropathogen(s) were detected in 64.3%, 46.3%, 39.5% and 0% of the Cryptosporidium-infected calves in the age groups 1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 22-30 days, respectively. A significant age-associated decrease in the detection rate of mixed infections (p < 0.05) was found. The detection rates of the other enteropathogens considered in calves with Cryptosporidium infection were 87% for rotavirus, 11.1% for coronavirus, 27.8% for F5+ E. coli and 1.8% for Salmonella.
The present paper summarizes the serotyping scheme of the fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum and defines seven additional O-serogroups. Strains, collected in our laboratories that were nontypable with antisera against the previously defined 16 O-serotypes, were used for generating new antisera and were characterized further by means of LPS profiles, Western blots, and serological reactions. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the seven new O-serogroups are to be included in the existing serotyping system as serotypes O17-O23. However, the existence of further V. anguillarum strains that were not typable with any of the 23 O-antisera suggested the existence of additional O-serotypes within this species. The relevance of the description of additional O-serotypes for the species V. anguillarum is discussed.
Various methods developed for the detection of snake venoms, toxins and venom antibodies, during the last decade is reviewed. Radioimmunoassay, agglutination assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence immunoassay etc. have been used for detection of venoms and toxins. Important contributions have been made to improve the specificity, sensitivity, rapidity and simplicity of the ELISA method. Monoclonal antibodies and affinity-purified venom-specific antibodies were used to achieve species specificity of ELISA and the latter seems to be the ideal for venom detection. Incorporation of avidin-biotin system as well as the fluorogenic substrate in the enzyme immunoassay sufficiently increased the sensitivity of the assay to detect venom concentrations to picogram levels. The ability to use undiluted blood and other whole biological fluids reduce the assay time considerably. Although there have been several reports were on venom detection, so far only a few field kits have been developed. This implies that the experiments and design were only at the laboratory levels and still more work has to be carried out before it could be used in the field. Concerning the venom antibody detection, ELISA has been used extensively and the humoral response of patients envenomed by snake has been investigated in detail. Non-specific reactivity along with cross-reactivity still limits the use of ELISA for species identification in epidemiological studies. Overall, ELISA remains the suitable method for the detection of snake venoms, toxins and venom antibodies in body fluids. The possible use of a biosensor approach to solve some of the problems associated with the ELISA method are also discussed.