PubMed · 9601599
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J Price. 1998. Burnaid.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(97)00097-1
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A new administration method was developed for vaccination of juvenile rainbow trout against beta-haemolytic Streptococcus. This simple and convenient method was equal in effectiveness to intra-peritoneal injection. Small skin lesions were produced using a multiple puncture instrument while fish were immersed in a vaccine suspension containing formalin-killed Streptococcus iniae. Upon challenge 2 weeks after vaccination, mortality of fish vaccinated by this method was 40%, equal to that by intra-peritoneal injection, while non-vaccinated control fish and fish vaccinated by immersion (without multiple puncture) each experienced 80% mortality. High efficacy was obtained with the multiple puncture/immersion method even when vaccine was diluted 10-fold. Quantitative analysis using fluorescent microspheres revealed that both antigen uptake by skin and delivery to the kidney and spleen were more effective with this method than with immersion alone. Microspheres were found in the skin within the pinpoint lesions and pressure mark caused by multiple puncture instrument. The greater protection gained by the present method can be attributed to higher numbers of particulate antigens taken up by fish and delivered to the lymphoid tissues.
In this study, we have investigated the expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde using semiquantitative RT-PCR. We show that formaldehyde induced the long-lasting expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs and the transient expression of IL-13 mRNA in mouse spleen and draining lymph nodes. The transient increases in IL-2, IL-15, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-18 mRNAs, but long-lasting IL-15 mRNA were only seen in the formaldehyde-exposed mouse spleen. Moreover, a weak contact hypersensitivity (CH) and the significant increases in IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs were detected in the ear skin of formaldehyde-cutaneously exposed mice when rechallenged mouse ears. Furthermore, CH as measured by mouse ear swelling response was positively correlated with IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in the challenged ears. This study thus suggests that the induction of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNAs, particularly IL-4 and IFN-gamma, are a common immunological feature caused by contact allergens irrespective of strong or weak contact allergens. The analysis of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs may be useful markers in establishing the novel test for predicting chemical sensitizing potentials.
The potential of gels formed in situ by dilute aqueous solutions of a xyloglucan polysaccharide derived from tamarind seed as sustained release vehicles for percutaneous administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been assessed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Chilled aqueous solutions of xyloglucan that had been partially degraded by beta-galactosidase formed gels at concentrations of 1-2% w/w when warmed to 37 degrees C. The in vitro release of ibuprofen and ketoprofen at pH 7.4 from the enzyme degraded xyloglucan gels and the subsequent permeation of these fully ionized drugs through cellulose membranes followed root-time kinetics over a period of 12 h after an initial lag period. Diffusion coefficients were appreciably higher when the drugs were released from 1.5% w/w xyloglucan gels than when released from 25% w/w Pluronic F127 gels formed in situ under identical conditions. The difference in release rates was attributed to differences in the structure of the gels. The permeation rate of ibuprofen through excised skin was higher than that of ketoprofen when released from both gels, but of similar magnitude through cellulose membranes. Plasma concentrations of ibuprofen and ketoprofen from gels formed in situ following topical application of chilled aqueous solutions of xyloglucan and Pluronic F127 to the abdominal skin of rats were compared. The bioavailabilities of ibuprofen and ketoprofen were significantly higher when released from xyloglucan gels compared to Pluronic F127 gels. Occlusive dressing techniques had a greater enhancing effect on the bioavailability of ibuprofen when released from Pluronic gels.