PubMed · 9819161
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W Thornton. 1998. Comment on venoconstrictive thigh cuffs.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9819161/
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For over 30 years, dialysis has been accepted as a proven therapeutic intervention in sustaining life for patients with end-stage renal disease. As a renal replacement therapy, dialysis only approximates renal function. Derangements in fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base homeostasis occur in the course of progressive renal insufficiency. Nephrons are able to adapt to physiologic needs and maintain a balance for many solutes, until the very late stages of chronic renal failure. This permits survival of the patient with minimal therapeutic intervention. The availability of highly permeable membranes has allowed development of continuous renal replacement therapies that gradually remove fluids and solutes resulting in better hemodynamic stability.
Microgravity leads to a "fluid shift" towards the upper parts of the body and, therefore, to a rise of the intraocular pressure. Parabolic flights have also demonstrated some rise of the intraocular pressure. During the first German Spacelab mission D1, changes of the intraocular pressure were investigated for the first time in space. The first pressure readings were obtained 44 min after entering microgravity and showed a pressure rise of 20 to 25% compared to the baseline data. To get earlier measurements in microgravity a fully automatic self-tonometer was developed which functioned independent of position and microgravity. It was used during an 8-d manned space mission in March 1992. Measurements of the intraocular pressure have been performed 16 min after reaching microgravity. The pressure readings revealed a 92% rise of the intraocular pressure compared to the daytime-correlated baseline data on Earth.
Water, the medium in which most cellular reactions take place, constitutes approximately 60% of the total weight in adults. This article discusses the complexities of shifts among the intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular compartments, and administration of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions.