PubMed · 8036082
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G D Harris, J M Saavedra, L Finberg. 1994. Capillary refill?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8036082/
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We describe results of a 3-year study in which 499 paired venous and capillary blood specimens, collected by fingerstick on the same day, were analyzed for lead (BPb) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP). False-positive rates (FPRs) and the proportion of false positives were calculated at four BPb thresholds. At the 100 microg/L threshold, the FPR for all data was 13%, but the proportion of false positives was only 5%. The log ratios of capillary-to-venous BPb data indicate that, with the exception of eight outliers, two subpopulations exist that follow a log-normal distribution. These two subpopulations, the "core" (n = 303) and "shifted" (n = 188) groups, on average generated a positive bias at 100 microg/L BPb of 8.6% and 30.3%, respectively. The log ratios of capillary-to-venous EP data followed a normal distribution, indicating that capillary EP is not statistically different from venous EP.
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Human endothelial cells, when suspended within three-dimensional collagen matrices, develop intracellular vacuoles that coalesce to form capillary lumens and tubes. Vacuole and lumen formation are completely dependent on the collagen-binding integrin alpha 2 beta 1, while other endothelial cell integrins had no apparent influence. Vacuole formation occurs by a pinocytic process with internalization of plasma membrane and molecules from the extracellular space, such as fluorescent tracers. By immunofluorescence, vacuole membranes were found to contain associated cell surface proteins, proteins involved in endosomal trafficking (i.e., caveolin and annexin II), and F-actin. Furthermore, some vacuole compartments contained von Willebrand factor. Integrin-regulated vacuole formation and coalescence are major mechanisms controlling capillary lumen and tube formation within a three-dimensional extracellular matrix.